when was the protestant bible canonized

It was there that the contents of the canon of the Hebrew Bible may have been discussed and formally accepted. The Protestant Old Testament includes exactly the same information, but. But that's not the real story. 2. A brief summary of the acts was read at and accepted by the Council of Carthage (397) and also the Council of Carthage (419). Some books, such as the JewishChristian gospels, have been excluded from various canons altogether, but many disputed books are considered to be biblical apocrypha or deuterocanonical by many, while some denominations may consider them fully canonical. In many ancient manuscripts, a distinct collection known as the. A Protestant Bible is a Christian Bible whose translation or revision was produced by Protestant Christians.Such Bibles comprise 39 books of the Old Testament (according to the Hebrew Bible canon, known especially to non-Protestant Christians as the protocanonical books) and 27 books of the New Testament, for a total of 66 books. 55% reported using the King James Version, followed by 19% for the New International Version, 7% for the New Revised Standard Version (printed in both Protestant and Catholic editions), 6% for the New American Bible (a Catholic Bible translation) and 5% for the Living Bible. 532 pages, Paperback. The bible consists of 73 books in the old testament and 27 books belonging to the new testament. [49], In a letter (c. 405) to Exsuperius of Toulouse, a Gallic bishop, Pope Innocent I mentioned the sacred books that were already received in the canon. [15] They did not expand their canon by adding any Samaritan compositions. For these reasons, nothing can be known with certainty about the contents and sequence of the canon of the Qumrn sectarians. For the number of books of the Hebrew Bible see: Crown, Alan D. (October 1991). Sometimes the term "Protestant Bible" is used as a shorthand for a bible which only contains the 66 books of the Old and New Testaments. [75] Lutheran and Anglican lectionaries continue to include readings from the Apocrypha. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 19851993. [2] Evidence suggests that the process of canonization occurred between 200 BC and 200 AD, and a popular position is that the Torah was canonized c. 400 BC, the Prophets c. 200 BC, and the Writings c. 100 AD[3] perhaps at a hypothetical Council of Jamniahowever, this position is increasingly criticised by modern scholars. Other traditions, while also having closed canons, may not be able to point to an exact year in which their canons were complete. Protestant translations into Italian were made by Antonio Brucioli in 1530, by Massimo Teofilo in 1552 and by Giovanni Diodati in 1607. "[29], In his Easter letter of 367, Patriarch Athanasius of Alexandria gave a list of exactly the same books that would become the New Testament27 bookproto-canon,[30] and used the phrase "being canonized" (kanonizomena) in regard to them. It has been proposed that the initial impetus for the proto-orthodox Christian project of canonization flowed from opposition to the list produced by Marcion. These books had been in the Bible from before the time canon was initially settled in the 380s. The books that make up the Bible were written by various people over a period of more than 1,000 years, between 1200 B.C.E. "Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon", in, The Westminster Confession rejected the canonicity of the Apocrypha stating that "The books commonly called Apocrypha, not being of divine inspiration, are no part of the canon of the Scripture, and therefore are of no authority in the Church of God, nor to be any otherwise approved, or made use of, than other human writings.". That oral tradition would later be gathered together in written form as the Mishnah. However, there were some exceptions. In this context it refers to the books that belong in the Bible. A biblical canon is a set of texts (also called "books") which a particular Jewish or Christian religious community regards as part of the Bible.. Likewise, the Third Epistle to the Corinthians[note 4] was once considered to be part of the Armenian Orthodox Bible,[95] but is no longer printed in modern editions. [31], In 331, Constantine I commissioned Eusebius to deliver fifty Bibles for the Church of Constantinople. Library of Congress Rule Interpretations, C.8. No single canon, in fact, has ever been accepted as final by the whole church. In one particular. "[45] According to Lee Martin McDonald, the Revelation was added to the list in 419. However, certain canonical books within the Orthodox Tewahedo traditions find their origin in the writings of the Apostolic Fathers as well as the Ancient Church Orders. The word canon is used to identify the collection of sacred books that comprise the Bible. 1. asked Dec 13, 2016 at 5:27. This edition was revised in 1641, 1712, 1744, 1819 and 1821. There is some uncertainty about which was written first. Bible, Canon of the. Protestant Bibles have only 39 books in the Old Testament, however, while Catholic Bibles have 46. In the 5th century the East too, with a few exceptions, came to accept the Book of Revelation and thus came into harmony on the matter of the New Testament canon. [35], The Eastern Churches had, in general, a weaker feeling than those in the West for the necessity of making sharp delineations with regard to the canon. These views on the infallibility of the Bible and its origin from God Himself have characterized the entire Christian Church of the ages up to the liberal movements of recent times, as is widely recognized. For the biblical scripture for both Testaments, canonically accepted in major traditions of Christendom, see biblical canon canons of various traditions. PROPHETS. They were more conscious of the gradation of spiritual quality among the books that they accepted (for example, the classification of Eusebius, see also Antilegomena) and were less often disposed to assert that the books which they rejected possessed no spiritual quality at all. Some books dropped out of Protestant Bibles in the early 19th century when Bible societies which were founded and supported initially by Protestants began printing Bibles for the masses. Hennecke Edgard. The Pauline epistles were circulating in collected forms by the end of the 1st century AD. The reason for this is that the Protestant canon of the Old Testament has been influenced by the Greek translation of the Old Testament, the Septuagint (LXX) made about 250-160 B.C. The two versions of the prayer in Latin may be viewed online for comparison at the following website: The "Martyrdom of Isaiah" is prescribed reading to honor the prophet Isaiah within the Armenian Apostolic liturgy. This manuscript included all 39 books of the Old Testament and the 27 books of the New Testament in the same language: Latin. [30] Likewise, Damasus' commissioning of the Latin Vulgate edition of the Bible, c. 383, proved instrumental in the fixation of the canon in the West. They started writing the Hussite Bible after they returned to Hungary and finalized it around 1416. The order of the session is up to you and what works best for your group. The growth and development of the Armenian Biblical canon is complex. Bible translated into High German by Luther, Luther's translation of the Bible into High German, in accordance with Luther's view of the canon, The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children, "Martin Luther, Bible Translation, and the German Language", "Why Are Protestant and Catholic Bibles Different? Additionally, modern non-Catholic re-printings of the Clementine Vulgate commonly omit the Apocrypha section. [citation needed]. Writings attributed to the apostles circulated among the earliest Christian communities. The first part of Christian Bibles is the Old Testament, which contains, at minimum, the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible but divided into 39 (Protestant) or 46 (Catholic) books and ordered differently. 81%correspondence to Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece 27th edition. They are still being honored in some traditions, though they are no longer considered to be canonical. However, the way in which those books are arranged may vary from tradition to tradition. [32], Since the 19th century changes, many modern editions of the Bible and re-printings of the King James Version of the Bible that are used especially by non-Anglican Protestants omit the Apocrypha section. and the first century C.E. The King James Version references some of these books by the traditional spelling when referring to them in the New Testament, such as "Esaias" (for Isaiah). In the Jerusalem Bible (RC) these books are intermingled within the Old Testament Books and not placed separately as often in Protestant translations (e.g., KJV). They moved the Old Testament material which was not in the Jewish canon into a separate section of the Bible called the Apocrypha. Martin Luther. The Ethiopian Tewahedo church accepts all of the deuterocanonical books of Catholicism and anagignoskomena of Eastern Orthodoxy except for the four Books of Maccabees. More than 40 authors in three languages during a period of 1,500 years contributed to the booksand letters which make up the biblical canon of Scripture. More importantly, the Samaritan text also diverges from the Masoretic in stating that Moses received the Ten Commandments on Mount Gerizimnot Mount Sinaiand that it is upon Mount Gerizim that sacrifices to God should be madenot in Jerusalem. A comparison of the different Bible translations: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Greek Orthodox and the Apocrypha books. In 1534, Martin Luther translated the Bible into German. Viewing the canon as comprising the Old and New Testaments only, Tyndale did not translate any of the Apocrypha. The Bear Bible was first published on 28 September 1569, in Basel, Switzerland. This means that Protestant Bibles have only 39 books in the Old Testament, while Catholic Bibles . origine gravel carbone; cap ptisserie distance cned; thyrode et angoisse permanente Dimensions. Volume 3, p. 98 James L. Schaaf, trans. Just as the Geneva Bible (published between 1560 and 1576) and the so-called King James Bible (1611) reflected and shaped English speech, so Luther's Bible is credited with being a decisive influence upon an emerging, shared New High German. The Roman Catholic canon differs, however, from the Bible accepted by most Protestant churches: it includes the Old Testament Apocrypha, a series of intertestamental books omitted in Protestant Bibles. Some of the books are not listed in this table. The protocanonical books of the Old Testament correspond with those of the Bible of the Hebrews, and the Old Testament as received by Protestants. A Protestant Bible is a Christian Bible whose translation or revision was produced by Protestant Christians. The Apocrypha are made up of two groups of writings not included in the Protestant canon of Scripture, the OT apocryphal books, and the NT apocryphal books. For instance, in the Slavonic, Orthodox Tewahedo, Syriac, and Armenian traditions, the New Testament is ordered differently from what is considered to be the standard arrangement. The spelling and names in both the 16091610 Douay Old Testament (and in the 1582 Rheims New Testament) and the 1749 revision by Bishop Challoner (the edition currently in print used by many Catholics, and the source of traditional Catholic spellings in English) and in the Septuagint differ from those spellings and names used in modern editions that derive from the Hebrew Masoretic text.[94]. [35], Protestant Bibles comprise 39 books of the Old Testament (according to the Jewish Hebrew Bible canon, known especially to non-Protestants as the protocanonical books) and the 27 books of the New Testament for a total of 66 books. ", "Canons & Recensions of the Armenian Bible", "Thecla in Syriac Christianity: Preliminary Observations", "The Canonization of Scripture | Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles", "The Armenian Canon of the New Testament", The Development of the Canon of the New Testament, Catholic Encyclopedia: Canon of the New Testament, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&oldid=1140636407, No (inc. in Appendix in Clementine Vulgate), No (inc. in Appendix in Clementine Vulgate as 3 Esdras. Some scrolls among the Dead Sea scrolls have been identified as proto-Samaritan Pentateuch text-type. A Protestant Bible is a Christian Bible whose translation or revision was produced by Protestants.Such Bibles comprise 39 books of the Old Testament (according to the Jewish Hebrew Bible canon, known especially to non-Protestants as the protocanonical books) and 27 books of the New Testament for a total of 66 books. [note 1] The Ethiopic version (Zna Ayhud) has eight parts and is included in the Orthodox Tewahedo broader canon. For mainstream Pauline Christianity (growing from proto-orthodox Christianity in pre-Nicene times) which books constituted the Christian biblical canons of both the Old and New Testament was generally established by the 5th century, despite some scholarly disagreements,[18] for the ancient undivided Church (the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions, before the EastWest Schism). Books of the Ethiopian Bible features 20 of these books that are not included in the Protestant Bible. The Synod of Jerusalem (1672) established additional canons that are widely accepted throughout the Eastern Orthodox Church. [12] The Hussite Bible was translated into Hungarian by two Hussite priests, Tams Pcsi and Blint jlaki, who studied in Prague and were influenced by Jan Hus. The Book of Deuteronomy includes a prohibition against adding or subtracting (4:2, 12:32) which might apply to the book itself (i.e. Augustine of Hippo declared without qualification that one is to "prefer those that are received by all Catholic Churches to those which some of them do not receive" (On Christian Doctrines 2.12). [22][23] The deuterocanonical books were included within the Old Testament in the 1569 edition. The word "canon" derives from the Hebrew term qaneh and the Greek term kanon, both of which refer to a measuring rod. IVP Academic, 2010, Location 147886 (Kindle Edition). [97], "Books of the Bible" redirects here. [4] Many modern Protestant Bibles print only the Old Testament and New Testament;[29] there is a 400-year intertestamental period in the chronology of the Christian scriptures between the Old and New Testaments. For the following three centuries, most English language Protestant Bibles, including the Authorized Version, continued with the practice of placing the Apocrypha in a separate section after the Old Testament. Understanding the church. . The need for consolidation and delimitation [83] The enumeration of books in the Ethiopic Bible varies greatly between different authorities and printings.[84]. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The Protestant Bible is also one of the bibles of Christians, but it was transformed in 1534 CE when Martin Luther protested against the corruptions practiced in the churches. In the Latin Vulgate and Douay-Rheims, chapter 51 of Ecclesiasticus appears separately as the "Prayer of Joshua, son of Sirach". [33] Together with the Peshitta and Codex Alexandrinus, these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles. The Catholic canon was set at the Council of Rome (382).[19]. [39] This New Testament, originally excluding certain disputed books (2 Peter, 2 John, 3 John, Jude, Revelation), had become a standard by the early 5th century. Some Protestant Bibles, such as the original King James Version, include 14 additional books known as the Apocrypha, though these are not considered canonical. Wall, Robert W.; Lemcio, Eugene E. (1992). The Early Church used the Old Testament, namely the Septuagint (LXX)[20] among Greek speakers, with a canon perhaps as found in the Bryennios List or Melito's canon. The standard United Bible Societies 1905 edition of the New Testament of the Peshitta was based on editions prepared by Syriacists Philip E. Pusey (d.1880), George Gwilliam (d.1914) and John Gwyn. The word canon means "ruler" or "standard" by which something is judged. The Hebrew Bible has 24 books. [13] However, the translation was suppressed by the Catholic Inquisition. [53], As the canon crystallised, non-canonical texts fell into relative disfavour and neglect. The Ethiopian Bible is the oldest and most complete bible on earth.Written in Ge'ez an ancient dead language of Ethiopia it's nearly 800 years older than the King James Version and contains over 100 books compared to 66 of the Protestant Bible. Extra-canonical New Testament books appear in historical canon lists and recensions that are either distinct to this tradition, or where they do exist elsewhere, never achieved the same status. "Canon" comes from "reed or . James Dixon Douglas, Merrill Chapin Tenney (1997), Diccionario Bblico Mundo Hispano, Editorial Mundo Hispano, pg 145. There are numerous citations of Sirach within the Talmud, even though the book was not ultimately accepted into the Hebrew canon. 124) and Tgsas (Prov. [11] The book of 2 Maccabees, itself not a part of the Jewish canon, describes Nehemiah (c. 400 BC) as having "founded a library and collected books about the kings and prophets, and the writings of David, and letters of kings about votive offerings" (2:1315). The Orthodox Tewahedo churches recognize these eight additional New Testament books in its broader canon. Nathaniel is protesting Nathaniel is protesting. corrected). Highly idiomatic paraphrase / dynamic equivalence, This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 21:05. The first complete Dutch Bible was printed in Antwerp in 1526 by Jacob van Liesvelt. Some Ethiopic translations of Baruch may include the traditional Letter of Jeremiah as the sixth chapter. With the potential exception of the Septuagint, the apostles did not leave a defined set of scriptures; instead the canon of both the Old Testament and the New Testament developed over time. The Ascension of Isaiah has long been known to be a part of the Orthodox Tewahedo scriptural tradition. In 1644 the Long Parliament forbade the reading of the Apocrypha in churches and in 1666 the first editions of the King James Bible without the Apocrypha were bound. A surviving quarto edition of the Great Bible, produced some time after 1549, does not contain the Apocrypha although most copies of the Great Bible did. The book was not expurgated from the King James Bible (along with the other deuterocanonical books) until the early 19th century. Other versions were used by fewer than 10%. The two narratives have similarities and may share a common source. Note that "1", "2", or "3" as a leading numeral is normally pronounced in the United States as the ordinal number, thus "First Samuel" for "1 Samuel". In addition to the Tanakh, mainstream Rabbinic Judaism considers the Talmud (Hebrew: ) to be another central, authoritative text. To ask why the Book of Enoch hasn't found its way into the Protestant canon, even though it is quoted in the New Testament by Jude, is in the same vein of criticism as had by Martin Lutherwho didn't want the Epistle of Jude in Scripture because he could not . Parts of these four books are not found in the most reliable ancient sources; in some cases, are thought to be later additions; and have therefore not historically existed in every Biblical tradition. Though it is not currently considered canonical, various sources attest to the early canonicityor at least "semi-canonicity"of this book. Various forms of Jewish Christianity persisted until around the fifth century, and canonicalized very different sets of books, including JewishChristian gospels which have been lost to history. The second part is the New Testament, containing 27 books: the four canonical gospels, Acts of the Apostles, 21 Epistles or letters and the Book of Revelation. [43], A 2014 study into the Bible in American Life found that of those survey respondents who read the Bible, there was an overwhelming favouring of Protestant translations. [16] However, the first complete Modern English translation of the Bible, the Coverdale Bible of 1535, did include the Apocrypha. These are works recognized by the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox Churches as being part of scripture (and thus deuterocanonical rather than apocryphal), but Protestants do not recognize them as divinely inspired. That is, Protestants and Catholics claim the Bible is their canon or authority for faith and morals. The Third Epistle to the Corinthians always appears as a correspondence; it also includes a short letter from the Corinthians to Paul. Canon 2 of the Quintsext Council, held in Trullo and affirmed by the Eastern Orthodox Churches, listed and affirmed Biblical Canon lists, such as the list in Canon 85 of the Canons of the Apostles. Various biblical canons have developed through debate and agreement on the part of the religious authorities of their respective faiths and denominations. The same Canon [rule] of Scripture is used by the Roman Catholic Church. Determining the canon was a process conducted first by Jewish rabbis and scholars and later by early Christians. Differences exist between the Hebrew Bible and Christian biblical canons, although the majority of manuscripts are shared in common. The Protestant Bible is the revised and transcripted version of the Christian Bible formulated by the Protestants. Comparison Table This is because the Protestant Bible has 39 books in the Old Testament, the Catholic Old Testament has 46 (yay more bible!). Source: Canon 2, Council of Trullo. (Tobit 14:11). ", https://s3.amazonaws.com/tgc-documents/carson/1997_apocryphal-deuterocanonical_books.pdf, http://www.itsmarc.com/crs/mergedProjects/lcri/lcri/c_8__lcri.htm, "On Translating the Old Testament: The Achievement of William Tyndale", "Preface to the English Standard Version". The Roman Catholic Bible has 73 books, while the Protestant Bible contains 66. It includes and accepts only the scriptures that are strictly in Hebrew. Of the Old Testament, although William Tyndale translated around half of its books, only the Pentateuch and the Book of Jonah were published. [61], Anabaptists use the Luther Bible, which contains the intertestamental books; Amish wedding ceremonies include "the retelling of the marriage of Tobias and Sarah in the Apocrypha". Esther's placement within the canon was questioned by Luther. In the spirit of ecumenism more recent Catholic translations (e.g., the New American Bible, Jerusalem Bible, and ecumenical translations used by Catholics, such as the Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition) use the same "standardized" (King James Version) spellings and names as Protestant Bibles (e.g., 1 Chronicles, as opposed to the Douaic 1 Paralipomenon, 12 Samuel and 12 Kings, instead of 14 Kings) in the protocanonicals. (A more complete explanation of the various divisions of books associated with the scribe Ezra may be found in the Wikipedia article entitled ". In Roman Catholicism, additional books were added in 1546. Included here for the purpose of disambiguation, 3 Baruch is widely rejected as a pseudepigraphon and is not part of any Biblical tradition. [46][47][48], Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382 (if the Decretum is correctly associated with it) issued a biblical canon identical to that mentioned above. The Ethiopian Bible includes the Books of Enoch, Esdras, Buruch and all 3 Books of Meqabyan (Maccabees), and a host of others that were excommunicated from the KJV. The Jewish Tanakh (sometimes called the Hebrew Bible) contains 24 books divided into three parts: the five books of the Torah ("teaching"); the eight books of the Nevi'im ("prophets"); and the eleven books of Ketuvim ("writings"). The list of Rejected books, not considered part of the New Testament Canon. [5] The division between protocanonical and deuterocanonical books is not accepted by all Protestants who simply view books as being canonical or not and therefore classify books found in the Deuterocanon, along with other books, as part of the Apocrypha. The full New Testament was translated into Hungarian by Jnos Sylvester in 1541. He wrote down the consensus of a larger group of religious authorities. Volume 3, p. 98 James L. Schaaf, trans. The Epistle to the Laodiceans is present in some western non-Roman Catholic translations and traditions. Pope. [30][67] Sixtus of Siena coined the term deuterocanonical to describe certain books of the Catholic Old Testament that had not been accepted as canonical by Jews and Protestants but which appeared in the Septuagint. The Orthodox Tewahedo broader canon in its fullest formwhich includes the narrower canon in its entirety, as well as nine additional booksis not known to exist at this time as one published compilation. Many re-printings of older versions of the Bible now omit the apocrypha and many newer translations and revisions have never included them at all. An early fragment of 6 Ezra is known to exist in the Greek language, implying a possible Hebrew origin for 2 Esdras 1516. The Old and New Testament canons did not develop independently of each other and most primary sources for the canon specify both Old and New Testament books. Certain groups of Jews, such as the Karaites, do not accept the Oral Law as it is codified in the Talmud and only consider the Tanakh to be authoritative. It seems we can't agree on how many books we should have in the Old Testament. [60] The Protestant Apocrypha contains three books (3 Esdras, 4 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh) that are accepted by many Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches as canonical, but are regarded as non-canonical by the Catholic Church and are therefore not included in modern Catholic Bibles. . It is not based upon our good works. In AD 367, when the official list as we know it today was recognized by the church, the church was not imposing something new upon Christian communities; rather, they were codifying the documents that contained the historical beliefs and practices of those communities. First printed in 1611, this edition of the Bible was commissioned in 1604 by King James I after feeling political pressure from Puritans and Calvinists demanding church reform and calling for a. Moreover, the book of Proverbs is divided into two booksMessale (Prov. The canon at Qumrn In the collection of manuscripts from the Judaean desertdiscovered from the 1940s onthere are no lists of canonical works and no codices (manuscript volumes), only individual scrolls. Some differences are minor, such as the ages of different people mentioned in genealogy, while others are major, such as a commandment to be monogamous, which appears only in the Samaritan version. [citation needed], Additionally, while the books of Jubilees and Enoch are fairly well known among western scholars, 1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan are not. Eastern Orthodoxy uses the Septuagint (translated in the 3rd century BCE) as the textual basis for the entire Old Testament in both protocanonical and deuteroncanonical booksto use both in the Greek for liturgical purposes, and as the basis for translations into the vernacular. [12] However, these primary sources do not suggest that the canon was at that time closed; moreover, it is not clear that these sacred books were identical to those that later became part of the canon. Many denominations recognize deuterocanonical books as good, but not on the level of the other books of the Bible. Session resources are available as a complete curriculum or a la carte. The Canon of the Old Testament was set by the time of Jesus. In 1590 a Calvinist minister, Gspr Kroli, produced the first printed complete Bible in Hungarian, the Vizsoly Bible. Around Protestant Europe, many vernacular Bibles appeared during the sixteenth century. The Book of Nehemiah suggests that the priest-scribe Ezra brought the Torah back from Babylon to Jerusalem and the Second Temple (89) around the same time period. Justin Martyr, in the early 2nd century, mentions the "memoirs of the Apostles", which Christians (Greek: ) called "gospels", and which were considered to be authoritatively equal to the Old Testament. The "Letter to the Captives" found within Sqoqaw Eremyasand also known as the sixth chapter of Ethiopic Lamentations. Similarly, the New Testament canons of the Syriac, Armenian, Egyptian Coptic and Ethiopian Churches all have minor differences, yet five of these Churches are part of the same communion and hold the same theological beliefs. Some traditions use an alternative set of liturgical or metrical Psalms. Diodati's version is the reference version for Italian Protestantism. Clontz (2008), "The Comprehensive New Testament", ranks the NRSV in eighth place in a comparison of twenty-one translations, at 81% correspondence to the Nestle-Aland 27th ed. In Judaism, the canon consists of the books of the Old Testament only. For, since there are four-quarters of the earth in which we live, and four universal winds, while the church is scattered throughout all the world, and the 'pillar and ground' of the church is the gospel and the spirit of life, it is fitting that she should have four pillars breathing out immortality on every side, and vivifying men afresh[] Therefore the gospels are in accord with these things For the living creatures are quadriform and the gospel is quadriform[] These things being so, all who destroy the form of the gospel are vain, unlearned, and also audacious; those [I mean] who represent the aspects of the gospel as being either more in number than as aforesaid, or, on the other hand, fewer.

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