the battle of the coral sea in 1942 quizlet

In H. P. Willmot's words, the commanders "had to contend with uncertain and poor communications in situations in which the area of battle had grown far beyond that prescribed by past experience but in which speeds had increased to an even greater extent, thereby compressing decision-making time. The invasion convoy, Got, and Kajioka steered towards a rendezvous point 40nmi (46mi; 74km) east of Woodlark Island to await the outcome of the carrier battle. U.S. carrier aircraft numbers by ship the morning of 7 May: The smaller warships included 5 minesweepers, 2 minelayers, 2 subchasers, and 3 gunboats. Upon the completion of Mo, the navy planned to initiate Operation RY, using ships released from Mo, to seize Nauru and Ocean Island for their phosphate deposits on 15 May. At Midway, aircraft flying from Yorktown played crucial roles in the American victory. After the operation's flagship, minelayer Okinoshima, was sunk by the U.S. submarine S-42 on 12 May (0506S 15348E / 5.100S 153.800E / -5.100; 153.800), the landings were postponed until 17 May. Thus, Fletcher decided to hold off on another strike this day and remain concealed under the thick overcast with fighters ready in defense. Abe's ships departed Rabaul for the 840nmi (970mi; 1,560km) trip to Port Moresby on 4 May and were joined by Kajioka's force the next day. Ro-33 and Ro-34 were also deployed in an attempt to blockade Port Moresby, arriving off the town on 5 May. [49] Fletcher concluded that the Japanese main carrier force was located and ordered the launch of all available carrier aircraft to attack. Battle of France, (May 10-June 25, 1940), during World War II, the German invasion of the Low Countries and France. Lexington represented, at that time, 25% of U.S. carrier strength in the Pacific. Instead, manned aircraft acted as the offensive artillery for the ships involved. [34], A message from Pearl Harbor notified Fletcher that radio intelligence deduced the Japanese planned to land their troops at Port Moresby on 10 May and their fleet carriers would likely be operating close to the invasion convoy. [44], At 07:22 one of Takagi's carrier scouts, from Shkaku, reported U.S. ships bearing 182 (just west of due south), 163nmi (188mi; 302km) from Takagi. Got and Kajioka were told to assemble their ships south of Rossel Island for a night surface battle if the U.S. ships came within range. [36], On 6 May, Fletcher absorbed TF11 and TF44 into TF17. [116], The U.S. did not perform as expected, but it learned from its mistakes in the battle and made improvements to its carrier tactics and equipment, including fighter tactics, strike coordination, torpedo bombers and defensive strategies, such as anti-aircraft artillery, which contributed to better results in later battles. 10, USSBS No. The Battle of Midway became one of the most important American naval victories of World War II. What did the Japanese want, in order to install a blockade. In just over six weeks, German armed forces overran Belgium and the Netherlands, drove the British Expeditionary Force from the Continent, captured Paris, and forced the surrender of the French government. The models indicated the Americans would have suffered slightly less total damage, with one ship sunk but the other unharmed. During the day, U.S. Army bombers attacked Deboyne and Kamikawa Maru, inflicting unknown damage. Allied forces had been experiencing. [52], The U.S. strike aircraft sighted Shh a short distance northeast of Misima Island at 10:40 and deployed to attack. [85], That evening, Crace detached Hobart, which was critically low on fuel, and the destroyer Walke, which was having engine trouble, to proceed to Townsville. They did not sight any Allied ships in the area and returned to Rabaul on 23 and 24 April respectively. By 20:00, TF17 and Takagi were about 100nmi (120mi; 190km) apart. 1. Yorktown would go into battle with her own scouting squadron, but Saratoga's torpedo bomber, dive bomber, and fighter squadrons. Takagi terminated refueling, headed southeast, and sent scout planes to search east of the Solomons, believing that the U.S. carriers were in that area. Japanese expansion in World War II [98], One of the most significant effects of the Coral Sea battle was the loss of Shkaku and Zuikaku to Yamamoto for his planned battle in the air with the U.S. carriers at Midway. 8, USSBS No. [12], In March 1942, the U.S. first noticed mention of the MO operation in intercepted messages. Port Moresby was vital to Allied strategy and its garrison could well have been overwhelmed by the experienced Japanese invasion troops. [81], The strike forces, with many damaged aircraft, reached and landed on their respective carriers between 12:50 and 14:30. Another submarine, I-21, which was sent to scout around Nouma, was attacked by Yorktown aircraft on 2 May. Fletcher turned TF17 southwest. Japan's Naval General Staff estimated that it would take two to three months to repair Shkaku and replenish the carriers' air groups. [114] Two studies used mathematical models to estimate the impact of various alternatives. [77][78], The Japanese attack began at 11:13 as the carriers, stationed 3,000yd (2,700m) apart, and their escorts opened fire with anti-aircraft guns. [53], Attacking first, Lexington's air group, led by Commander William B. Ault, hit Shh with two 1,000lb (450kg) bombs and five torpedoes, causing severe damage. 60 Million Historians estimate that the number of people killed in World War II including civilians may be as high as? What was destroyed during the Battle of Coral Sea? The U.S. Navy's decisive victory in the air-sea battle (June 3-6, 1942) and its successful defense of the major base located at Midway Island dashed Japan's hopes of neutralizing the United. [102], Moreover, Yamamoto apparently missed the other implications of the Coral Sea battle: the unexpected appearance of U.S. carriers in exactly the right place and time (due to cryptanalysis) to effectively contest the Japanese, and U.S. Navy carrier aircrews demonstrating sufficient skill and determination to do significant damage to the Japanese carrier forces. Late in the evening of 9 May, Takagi and Got headed southeast, then southwest into the Coral Sea. The strike force was under overall command of Lieutenant Commander Kakuichi Takahashi, while Lieutenant Commander Shigekazu Shimazaki led its torpedo bombers. The destroyer was hit by three bombs, broke in half, and sank immediately, killing all but 14 of her 192-man crew. The battle marked the first time since the start of the war that a major Japanese advance had been turned back. Takagi commenced refueling his ships 180nmi (210mi; 330km) west of Tulagi in preparation for the carrier battle he expected would take place the next day. [69], At 08:20, a Lexington SBD piloted by Joseph G. Smith spotted the Japanese carriers through a hole in the clouds and notified TF17. Operation Mo (MO, Mo Sakusen) or the Port Moresby Operation was a Japanese plan to take control of the Australian Territory of New Guinea during World War II as well as other locations in the South Pacific. Seaplanes from Deboyne assisted Takagi in searching for TF17 on the morning of 10 May. Heavily damaged and without power, Neosho was left drifting and slowly sinking (1609S 15803E / 16.150S 158.050E / -16.150; 158.050). [71], Yorktown's dive bombers, led by William O. Burch, reached the Japanese carriers at 10:32, and paused to allow the slower torpedo squadron to arrive so that they could conduct a simultaneous attack. For the first time ever opposing fleets used carrier-launched aircraft to fight each other. TF 16, commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey and including the carriers Enterprise and Hornet, had just returned to Pearl Harbor from the Doolittle Raid in the central Pacific. The navy's general staff and the IJA accepted Inoue's proposal and promoted further operations, using these locations as supporting bases, to seize New Caledonia, Fiji, and Samoa and thereby cut the supply and communication lines between Australia and the United States. The atolls of Tuvalu acted as a staging post during the preparation for the Battle of Tarawa and the Battle of Makin that commenced on 20 November 1943, which was the implementation of Operation Galvanic. However, the battles overall outcome would have been similar. Capable of carrying up to 6,000 passengers and 1,500 tons of cargo, her typical route saw her travel between Cleveland . The Battle of the Coral Sea, which lasted from May 4 to May 8, 1942, came at an unsettling time for the United States, Australia and their allies. To prevent this from occurring, the U.S. chose Tulagi and nearby Guadalcanal as the target of their first offensive. No effort appears to have been made to combine the surviving Shkaku aircrews with Zuikaku's air groups or to quickly provide Zuikaku with replacement aircraft. Parshall and Tully add, "The Battle of the Coral Sea had provided the first hints that the Japanese high-water mark had been reached, but it was the Battle of Midway that put up the sign for all to see. Task Force 17 (TF17), commanded by Rear Admiral Fletcher and consisting of the carrier Yorktown, escorted by three cruisers and four destroyers and supported by a replenishment group of two oilers and two destroyers, was already in the South Pacific, having departed Tongatabu on 27 April en route to the Coral Sea. Although the battle was a tactical victory for the Japanese in terms of ships sunk, it has been described as a strategic victory for the Allies. Beginning in December 1941, the Japanese had devastated the U.S. Fleet at Pearl Harbor, seized Hong Kong, conquered Southeast Asia, the Dutch East Indies and much of the Philippines, and terrorized the Indian Ocean with a naval sweep. [72], Lexington's aircraft arrived and attacked at 11:30. It was the first pure carrier-versus-carrier battle in history as neither surface fleet sighted the other. [95], The battle marked the first time that a Japanese invasion force was turned back without achieving its objective, which greatly lifted the morale of the Allies after a series of defeats by the Japanese during the initial six months of the Pacific Theatre. E. marked the first important victory by the United States against Japan. About that same time, the dive bombers that had attacked Neosho returned and landed. (Bibliography of Japanese-language sources), South West Pacific theatre of World War II, Pacific Theater aircraft carrier operations during World War II, U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific) 1946, "A Stochastic Salvo Model Analysis of the Battle of the Coral Sea", "Chapter 16: To the Central Pacific and Tarawa, August 1943Background to Galvanic", History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific, Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific), "Alternative Endings to the First Aircraft Carrier Battle", "HIJMS Furutaka: Tabular Record of Movement", "HIJMS Submarine I-28: Tabular Record of Movement", "HIJMS Submarine RO-33: Tabular Record of Movement", "HIJMS Submarine RO-34: Tabular Record of Movement", "IJN Seaplane Tender Kiyokawa Maru: Tabular Record of Movement", "IJN Kikuzuki: Tabular Record of Movement", U.S.S.

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