which countries use the cyrillic alphabet

Cyrillic. Si te interesa aprender alguno de estos idiomas o si tienes curiosidad por el sistema de escritura cirlico y su rica historia tenemos justo lo que necesitas! The early Cyrillic alphabet was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the 9th century AD (in all probability in Ravna Monastery) at the Preslav Literary School by Saint Clement of Ohrid and Saint Naum and replaced the earlier Glagolitic script developed by the Byzantine theologians Cyril and Methodius (in all probability in Polychron). I couldn't find the female equivalent, by my limited knowledge of Russian I would assume it's something like "" (this is a straightforward Cyrillic rendition of Pavel's "girevichka") but the actual Russian noun might be different. The deadline for making this transition has however been repeatedly changed, and Cyrillic is still more common. Later, such alphabets were created for some of the Siberian and Caucasus peoples who had recently converted to Christianity. 3 Which Slavic languages use Cyrillic alphabet? As of 2011, around 252 million people in . The most widely spoken languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet are Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian,. Keep up your Duolingo streak in Ukrainian or Russian, and youll be reading and writing in Cyrillic in no time! It represents the vowels [e] and [], as the e in the word editor. Bulgarian. Here is the information about the Cyrillic alphabet with all the details What is the Cyrillic Alphabet? Especially in the period of Tsarist Russia, the Turkish people who continued their existence within the borders of Russia were tried to be adopted. This is because both alphabets borrowed some letters from Greek! [37] Sometimes, uppercase letters may have a different shape as well, e.g. The Slavic languages are a group of closely related languages spoken by over 300 million people in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. "@Dokule @PopulismUpdates It is an artifact that a considerable amount of Slavic people have no relationship with so using the term disregards their situation completely as it disregards the situation of counties using the Cyrillic alphabet that aren't Slavic" No est del todo claro quin procedi en la creacin del alfabeto cirlico, pero s sabemos que surgi de estas escuelas literarias, donde tom mucho del griego para la creacin de letras y del glagoltico para sonidos especficamente eslavos. Bulgarian and Bosnian Sephardim without Hebrew typefaces occasionally printed Judeo-Spanish in Cyrillic.[1]. What is more, this alphabet is the sole official script across the EUs eastern border, in Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Non-Slavic alphabets are generally modelled after Russian, but often bear striking differences, particularly when adapted for Caucasian languages. The Cyrillic alphabet is used for the Chuvash language since the late 19th century, with some changes in 1938. In order to Christianize the tribes of the Eastern Europe, as ordered by their Emperor Michael III, he, along with his brother Methodius, embarked upon the herculean task of translating the Holy Bible into Slavic languages. En cualquiera de estos cursos, puedes empezar por nuestra funcionalidad de Bingo para familiarizarte con las letras y reconocer los falsos amigos y los caracteres menos familiares derivados del griego y del glagoltico. Lowercase characters were introduced, and the use of westernized letter forms was mandated. Soon, other new letters, such as and , were also introduced into the alphabet. He works as an Educational Content Developer at Duolingo with interests in language policy, education, and typology. [24] Bosnian Cyrillic was used continuously until the 18th century, with sporadic usage even taking place in the 20th century.[25]. The Cyrillic script was created during the First Bulgarian Empire. However, putting politics aside, the Cyrillic script is far from new. Glagolitic and Cyrillic were formalized by the Byzantine Saints Cyril and Methodius and their disciples, such as Saints Naum, Clement, Angelar, and Sava. A great place to start learning is Duolingos own Ukrainian and Russian courses! If youre interested in learning any of these languages or if youre just generally curious about the Cyrillic script and its rich history, weve got you covered! The characters in the range U+048A to U+052F are additional letters for various languages that are written with Cyrillic script. The Turkish alphabet (Turkish: Trk alfabesi) is a Latin-script alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, seven of which (, , I, , , and ) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language. [8] Since the beginning of the 1990s Mongolia has been making attempts to extend the rather limited use of Mongol script and the most recent National Plan for Mongol Script aims to bring its use to the same level as Cyrillic by 2025 and maintain a dual-script system (digraphia).[9]. What countries use the Cyrillic alphabet? Conventionally, Slavic language is divided into three branches, based on geographical and genealogical principles and extralinguistic features. What is more, this alphabet is the sole official script across the EU's eastern border, in Belarus, the Russian . In 1928, the USSR approved a single alphabet for the Turkic languages based on Latin, but in 1940 it was still replaced by Cyrillic. It was created by Christian preachers Cyril and Methodius Footnote 1 and spread in the subsequent period not only over the territory of Russia and Eastern Europe but also in some states of Asia.. The translation was extremely tough due to the presence of many bizarre sounds in the Slavic dialect. Unicode approximations are used in the faux row to ensure it can be rendered properly across all systems. Today, nearly 50 languages throughout parts of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and Siberia use Cyrillic as their official script. The letters also had numeric values, based not on Cyrillic alphabetical order, but inherited from the letters' Greek ancestors. In 1989 publication began again in the other Karelian dialects and Latin alphabets were used, in some cases with the addition of Cyrillic letters such as . Which is the only country to use the Cyrillic alphabet? I'm interested in learning how this process has been perceived by Ukrainians and whether there are any lessons that can be drawn from it. Many of the letterforms differed from those of modern Cyrillic, varied a great deal in manuscripts, and changed over time. Slavic languages, also called Slavonic languages, group of Indo-European languages spoken in most of eastern Europe, much of the Balkans, parts of central Europe, and the northern part of Asia. St. Cyril is believed to have developed a script that is the forerunner of today's Cyrillic alphabet. Entran en escena Cirilio y Metodio! Cyrillic is usually associated with Slavic languages like Russian and Bulgarian, and though the original script was designed for languages in this family, it isnt a firm rule. Additionally, Macedonian features the letter 's' [dz], which otherwise does not occur in the Cyrillic alphabet. Bringhurst (2002) writes "in Cyrillic, the difference between normal lower case and small caps is more subtle than it is in the Latin or Greek alphabets, Learn how and when to remove this template message, IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters, accession of Bulgaria to the European Union, International Organization for Standardization, Keyboard layouts for non-Latin alphabetic scripts, "Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European", "The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire". Quizs hayas notado que muchas letras cirlicas se ven y suenan muy similar a letras del alfabeto latino. July 01, 2013, 01:07:42 PM. Cyrillic is a co-official or official script in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia, which may join the EU in the coming decade, which are post-Yugoslav. This leaflet is part of a series of publications published in the context of the cultural events organised by the EESC. [42] Other Cyrillic alphabets include the Molodtsov alphabet for the Komi language and various alphabets for Caucasian languages. The modern Cyrillic alphabet is used primarily in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, and Bulgaria. Please read it in conjunction with the notes below. [17][18][19][20][21], Bosnian Cyrillic, widely known as Bosanica[22][23] is an extinct variant of the Cyrillic alphabet that originated in medieval Bosnia. Romani is written in Cyrillic in Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria and the former USSR. In this article, I will focus on only the Slavic languages that use the Cyrillic script. The first alphabet derived from Cyrillic was Abur, used for the Komi language. The Cyrillic alphabet and Slavic literacy are traditionally celebrated on the feast day of Saints Cyril and Methodius, 11 May in Eastern Orthodox countries and 5 July in Roman Catholic countries. Translation: "It is an interesting fact that in Bulgaria a few [Sephardic] publications are printed in the Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet and in Greece in the Greek alphabet Nezirovi (1992:128) writes that in Bosnia a document has also been found in which the Sephardic language is written in the Cyrillic alphabet. [citation needed]. Tatar has used Cyrillic since 1939, but the Russian Orthodox Tatar community has used Cyrillic since the 19th century. Cyrillic is nominally the official script of Serbia's administration according to the Serbian constitution;[43] however, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language, or standard language itself by any means. The Early Cyrillic alphabet was developed during the 9th century AD at the Preslav Literary School in the First Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Tsar Simeon I the Great, probably by disciples of the two Byzantine brothers[6] Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius, who had previously created the Glagolitic script. Latin. Back then, religious texts were only available in Greek, the language of Boriss neighbors in the Byzantine empire. Russian The Slavic languages, spoken by some 315 million people. a few Old and New Church Slavonic combinations: Prostov, Eugene Victor. 24/05/2021. The Cyrillic alphabet is closely based on the Greek alphabet, with about a dozen additional letters invented to represent Slavic sounds not found in Greek. The first two are Latin script and modern Greek script. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Lezgian is a literary language and an official language of Dagestan. Slavic was the native language of the Slavs who now live in Russia, Serbia, and other places. In 1900, Cyrillic was used by 111.2 million people (105 million in the Russian . Computer fonts typically default to the Central/Eastern, Russian letterforms, and require the use of OpenType Layout (OTL) features to display the Western, Bulgarian or Southern, Serbian/Macedonian forms. However, in the modern Republic of Mongolia, the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet is used. Which countries use Russian letters? Cyrillic alphabet, writing system developed in the 9th10th century ce for Slavic-speaking peoples of the Eastern Orthodox faith. The Cyrillic script currently used for Kazakh has 42 symbols (33 derived from the Russian alphabet plus nine for additional Kazakh sounds). The current form of the Cyrillic Alphabet saw first use in 1708 during Peter the Great of Russia's reign. Which EU countries use Cyrillic alphabet? To make the first Slavonic alphabet just as divine, Cyril created the new letters using the three elements that were holy for Christianity - the cross, the triangle, and the circle. The script is named in honor of the Saint Cyril, one of the two Byzantine brothers, Saints Cyril and Methodius, who created the Glagolitic alphabet earlier on. If you can't find any email from us, note that it might have been ended up in your spam folder. Mostly used in Russia and Eastern Europe, these alphabets may appear challenging to learn, especially for an English speaker. Historically, the Croatian language briefly used the Cyrillic script in areas with large Croatian language or Bosnian language populations.[4]. On food packaging made in Russia today Kazakh language is still in Cyrillic, though a planned shift to Latin has been declared. Of the quarter of a billion worldwide users of the general Cyrillic alphabet, nearly half of them live in Russia. Male version is "" (looked it up in Wikipedia). The Cyrillic script (Old Slavonic alphabet) appeared as late as the 9th century, much later than many other alphabets. Cyrillic script spread throughout the East Slavic and some South Slavic territories, being adopted for writing local languages, such as Old East Slavic. 6 Which is the only country to use the Cyrillic alphabet? One of the reasons behind the same is the weird look of some of the alphabetic characters. In other Slavic languages that use the Cyrillic script, the sounds are represented by Ye ( ), which represents in Russian and Belarusian [je] in initial and postvocalic position or [e] and palatalizes the preceding consonant. [7][8][9] The script is named in honor of Saint Cyril. Over time, these were largely adopted in the other languages that use the script. More than 250 million people in more than 20 countries make use of it. Which country invented the Cyrillic alphabet? South Slavic Cyrillic alphabets (with the exception of Bulgarian) are generally derived from Serbian Cyrillic. Today, many languages in the Balkans, Eastern Europe, and northern Eurasia are written in Cyrillic alphabets. Bulgaria is the birthplace of the Cyrillic alphabet, which was developed in Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools during the tenth century. The Cyrillic alphabet is used in about 50 countries. Over the last century, the alphabet used to write Kildin Smi has changed three times: from Cyrillic to Latin and back again to Cyrillic. Used by more than 250 . In the early eighteenth century, under Peter the Great, the forms of letters were simplified and regularized, with some appropriate only to Greek . A Byzantine monk named Saint Cyril created the Cyrillic alphabet in around 683 AD. These solutions only enjoy partial support and may render with default glyphs in certain software configurations.[38]. As of 2011, around 252 million people in Eurasia use it as the official alphabet for their national languages. The Cyrillic alphabet consists of 33 letters, including 21 consonants and 12 vowels. Certain letters are handwritten differently, as seen in the adjacent image. Paul Cubberley (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets". About half of them are in Russia. In 2017, Kazakhstan announced the transition to Latin. But the script is also present in Uralic . Exceptions and additions for particular languages are noted below. Is the Greek alphabet the Cyrillic alphabet? Por ejemplo, algunos idiomas eslavos como el checo, el eslovaco y el polaco usan el alfabeto latino, mientras que otros idiomas no eslavos como el tayiko, el trtaro y el mongol usan el alfabeto cirlico. As of Unicode version 15.0, Cyrillic letters, including national and historical alphabets, are encoded across several blocks: The characters in the range U+0400 to U+045F are essentially the characters from ISO 8859-5 moved upward by 864 positions. Kazakh can be alternatively written in the Latin alphabet. Cyrillic is derived from the Greek uncial script, augmented by letters from the older Glagolitic alphabet, including some ligatures. the lowercase italic Cyrillic , may look like Latin g, and , i.e. All of the peoples of the former Soviet Union who had been using an Arabic or other Asian script (Mongolian script etc.) In order to Christianize the tribes of the Eastern Europe, as ordered by their Emperor Michael III, he, along with his brother Methodius, embarked upon the herculean task of translating the Holy Bible into Slavic languages. Some letters may come from the same or similar-looking Greek letters, but after years of use and transformation, theyve come to represent different sounds in the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. ), it never indicates /j/ in native words. [citation needed], Unicode 5.1, released on 4 April 2008, introduces major changes to the Cyrillic blocks. It is called " " ('small er'). The archetypal 33 (or 32, depending on your view of the status of ) letter Cyrillic alphabet is actually AFAIK only used by Russian. Cyrillic fonts, as well as Latin ones, have roman and italic types (practically all popular modern fonts include parallel sets of Latin and Cyrillic letters, where many glyphs, uppercase as well as lowercase, are shared by both). The non-Latin letters, including Cyrillic, were removed from the alphabet in 1982 and replaced with Latin letters that closely resembled the letters they replaced. How many countries use the Cyrillic alphabet? We know that Boris welcomed disciples of Cyril and Methodius into the Bulgarian Empire to start literary schools using the Glagolitic script but then the record becomes fuzzy. Luego de que el hijo de Boris, Simen I, adoptara el recin creado alfabeto cirlico para los blgaros en el 893, el idioma se catapult! c, whose original value in Latin was /k/, represents /ts/ in West Slavic languages, // in Somali, /t/ in many African languages and /d/ in Turkish), or by the use of digraphs (such as sh, ch, ng and ny), the Cyrillic script is usually adapted by the creation of entirely new letter shapes. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. After Boriss son Simeon I officially adopted the newly minted Cyrillic script for Bulgarians in 893, it took off! A Bulgarian Treasure. Some of these are illustrated below; for others, and for more detail, see the links. Cyrillic handwriting, 17th century . If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Cyrillic is usually associated with Slavic languages like Russian and Bulgarian, and though the . Cyrillic alphabet, writing system developed in the 9th-10th century ce for Slavic-speaking peoples of the Eastern Orthodox faith. Among others, Cyrillic is the standard script for writing the following languages: The Cyrillic script has also been used for languages of Alaska,[41] Slavic Europe (except for Western Slavic and some Southern Slavic), the Caucasus, the languages of Idel-Ural, Siberia, and the Russian Far East. Si esto te parece complicado, muchas computadoras tienen una opcin para teclados fonticos para que no tengas que recordar dnde encajan los nuevos sonidos en tu teclado con alfabeto latino. The purpose of the Worldwide Illustrated Stamp Identifier is to provide a visual tool to assist in identifying the country of origin of particularly challenging stamps. yego 'him/his', is pronounced [jvo] rather than [jo]). The Serbian alphabet shows the following features: The Macedonian alphabet differs from Serbian in the following ways: The Montenegrin alphabet differs from Serbian in the following ways: Uralic languages using the Cyrillic script (currently or in the past) include: The Karelian language was written in the Cyrillic script in various forms until 1940 when publication in Karelian ceased in favor of Finnish, except for Tver Karelian, written in a Latin alphabet. 24 May is an important holiday in many Eastern European countries as it is the day of the Cyrillic Alphabet. Just like how in Spanish, you'll see , and in French, you'll see , you'll find some symbols in the Cyrillic script that show up in some languages' alphabets and not others! The Buryat () Cyrillic script is similar to the Khalkha above, but indicates palatalization as in Russian. Esto es porque ambos alfabetos tomaron algunas letras del griego! Latin is going to be the only used alphabet in 2022, alongside the modified Arabic alphabet (in the People's Republic of China, Iran and Afghanistan). Late Medieval Cyrillic letters (categorized as vyaz' and still found on many icon inscriptions today) show a marked tendency to be very tall and narrow, with strokes often shared between adjacent letters. The Cyrillic Some of Russia's peoples such as the Tatars have also tried to drop Cyrillic, but the move was halted under Russian law. Este no era el alfabeto cirlico que conocemos hoy en da: se llama alfabeto glagoltico y se ve muy diferente del cirlico moderno. If he could find a new script for Slavic languages, Boris could have religious texts translated, and Bulgarians could practice Christianity in their mother tongue. There were also commonly used ligatures like = . Khalkha Mongolian is also written with the Mongol vertical alphabet, which was the official script before 1941. . [34] Instead, the nomenclature follows German naming patterns: Similarly to Latin fonts, italic and cursive types of many Cyrillic letters (typically lowercase; uppercase only for handwritten or stylish types) are very different from their upright roman types. Many Greek-derived letters are false friends. We have just sent you an email at .Please check your inbox for instructions about how to activate your account. It is the designated national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic, Uralic, Caucasian and Iranic-speaking countries in Southeastern Europe, Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, North Asia, and East Asia. They developed out of the dialects of Proto-Slavic. Alphabets based on the Serbian that add new letters often do so by adding an acute accent over an existing letter. For the Unicode block, see, "Cyrillic" and "Cyrillic alphabet" redirect here. The earliest datable Cyrillic inscriptions have been found in the area of Preslav, in the medieval city itself and at nearby Patleina Monastery, both in present-day Shumen Province, as well as in the Ravna Monastery and in the Varna Monastery. It is currently used exclusively or as one of several alphabets for more than 50 languages, notably Belarusian, Bulgarian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Macedonian, Montenegrin (spoken in Montenegro; also called Serbian), Russian, Serbian, Tajik (a dialect of Persian), Turkmen . It is used in business, government, and other official documents. Northeast Caucasian languages are generally written using Cyrillic alphabets. Some Bulgarian intellectuals, notably Stefan Tsanev, have expressed concern over this, and have suggested that the Cyrillic script be called the "Bulgarian alphabet" instead, for the sake of historical accuracy.[10]. Por ejemplo: Otras letras no tienen una contraparte idntica en latn. It was earlier difficult to represent the Cyrillic alphabet on modern computers. The Columbia Encyclopaedia, Sixth Edition. A Byzantine monk named Saint Cyril created the Cyrillic alphabet in around 683 AD. Updates? Today, nearly 50 languages throughout parts of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and Siberia use Cyrillic as their official script. In Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, Czech and Slovak, the Cyrillic alphabet is also known as azbuka, derived from the old names of the first two letters of most Cyrillic alphabets (just as the term alphabet came from the first two Greek letters alpha and beta). Unlike the Latin script, which is usually adapted to different languages by adding diacritical marks/supplementary glyphs (such as accents, umlauts, fadas, tildes and cedillas) to standard Roman letters, by assigning new phonetic values to existing letters (e.g. The Rusyn Alphabet makes the Following Rules: The Cyrillic alphabet was originally developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the 9th 10th century AD at the Preslav Literary School.[2][3]. The Thai writing system was first created in the 1200s (the . Alphabet. Who was the person who created the Cyrillic alphabet? How do you get white residue off black tiles? Later a succession of cursive forms developed. Each letter has an assigned sound and a name. Countries using the Cyrillic alphabet: Belarus, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, Macedonia, Serbia. 2. For centuries, Cyrillic was also used by Catholic and Muslim Slavs (see Bosnian Cyrillic). The Cyrillic alphabet was an indirect result of the missionary work of the 9th-century Apostles of the Slavs, St. Cyril (or Constantine) and St. Methodius. [citation needed]. The modern Russian alphabet is a variant of the cyrillic alphabet and contains 33 letters. The Slovak alphabet is an . It, and by extension its descendants, differs from the East Slavic ones in that the alphabet has generally been simplified: Letters such as , , and , representing /ja/, /ju/, and /jo/ in Russian, respectively, have been removed. In Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, the use of Cyrillic to write local languages has often been a politically controversial issue since the collapse of the Soviet Union, as it evokes the era of Soviet rule and Russification. It shaped the identity of the borders between Europe and Asia. The widely accepted division of the Slavic languages into three groupsEast, West, and South. Your email address will not be published. 1. Even in Serbia, where's the Cyrillic alphabet is the only official you can find newspapers printed in the Latin one. Instead, these are represented by the digraphs , u, and , respectively. Ultimately, like learning most things, improvement comes with extended exposure and practice. Not all writing systems represent language in this way; in a syllabary, each character represents a syllable, and logographic systems use characters to represent words, morphemes, or other semantic units. Si poda encontrar un nuevo alfabeto para los idiomas eslavos, Boris podra hacer traducir los textos religiosos y los blgaros podran practicar el cristianismo en su lengua nativa. He removed some of the letters, like and , along with several forms of the letter . The Turkey is literally surrounded by different form of scripts. 8 How is the Cyrillic alphabet different from the East Slavic alphabet? The following table shows the three main variations of the Cyrillic alphabet used in the Balkans: Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Serbian. Abkhaz is a Caucasian language, spoken in the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, Georgia. Representing other writing systems with Cyrillic letters is called Cyrillization. "Sreko M. Daja vs. Ivan Lovrenovi polemika o kulturnom identitetu BiH Ivan Lovrenovi", "SHORT HISTORY OF THE CYRILLIC ALPHABET - IVAN G. ILIEV - IJORS International Journal of Russian Studies", "Cyrillicsly: Two Cyrillics: a critical history I", "Cyrillic script variations and the importance of localisation - Fontshare.com", "Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters", "Mongolia to restore traditional alphabet by 2025", "SHORT HISTORY OF THE CYRILLIC ALPHABET | IVAN G. ILIEV | IJORS International Journal of Russian Studies", "Serbian signs of the times are not in Cyrillic", "IOS Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set", "Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefard", History and development of the Cyrillic alphabet, data entry in Old Cyrillic / , Cyrillic and its Long Journey East NamepediA Blog, "Latin Alphabet for the Russian Language", Transliteration and transcription into Cyrillic, Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2016 Macedonian protests-Colorful Revolution, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_script&oldid=1142517105, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles needing additional references from January 2023, All articles needing additional references, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023, Articles containing Belarusian-language text, Articles containing Bulgarian-language text, Articles containing Macedonian-language text, Articles containing Serbian-language text, Articles containing Ukrainian-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, The Working Group on Romanization Systems, American Library Association and Library of Congress Romanization tables for Slavic alphabets (, combinations that are considered as separate letters of respective alphabets, like, two most frequent combinations orthographically required to distinguish. Around 1200 CE, Proto-Tai came into contact with another language called Old Khmer; the result was a language now known as Old Thai. The new script became the basis of alphabets used in various languages in Orthodox Church-dominated Eastern Europe, both Slavic and non-Slavic languages (such as Romanian, until the 1860s).

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