naive scientist vs cognitive miser

Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /FontDescriptor 365 0 R The instances of weeping in the book of Jeremiah are so vivid that Jeremiah is known as "the weeping prophet," but God weeps more frequently in the book. << % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. /F3 23 0 R /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) [32] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. According to Walter Lippmann's arguments in his classic book Public Opinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term "cognitive miser" to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising one's beliefs. [22], Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard'ssearch. the degree to which something is extreme) is partner, friend, parent, celebrities), Role schema: knowledge structures about role occupants(e.g. This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. /F2 22 0 R /Resources << Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making,[15][pageneeded] most notably AmosTversky and DanielKahneman results published in a series of influential articles. Three lines of research within the Cognitive Miser. -People get aroused in crowds and self-awareness dissipates. stream /Group << /Parent 2 0 R ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression, Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common). 2 . /Tabs /S Bats, balls, and substitution sensitivity: cognitive misers are no happy fools . /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R >> /F3 23 0 R << Naive Scientist Trying to work out the cause and effect of things in our social world Cognitive Misers Trying to save time and effort to understand the social world Heuristics Mental shortcuts that reduce the complexity of judgement (More/Less) Time, Cognitive Load, Importance, Information and Emotions How fundamental is the fundamental attribution theory? -Out group: (them) Introducing Cram Folders! Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. Cookie policy. What factors affect obedience? /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] To reduce prejudice, what situations need to be established? The cognitive miser . endobj [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R /S /Transparency affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 500 500 Interests require cognitive attention, even calculation. [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. /Tabs /S 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R /FirstChar 32 /Tabs /S 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 /Type /Font endobj Introducing Cram Folders! -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did /Group << 21 0 obj Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the Passions, on the other hand, connote impulse and emotion, femininity and heat. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. 72 0 R] 6,000 & 7,000 \\ /BM /Normal /CS /DeviceRGB [15][pageneeded]. How did Asch study conformity? /F1 21 0 R endobj << central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? April 2013 . One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . Please sign in to share these flashcards. basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. /Contents 41 0 R q*15Q[7t. -Characteristics of the messenger: attractive, credible, similar to oneself. /GS7 27 0 R [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 System 2 may also have no clue to the error. 2 0 obj /F3 23 0 R -Meta Analysis: looks at findings over multiple studies Naive scientist Heider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attribution s using similar processes to those of scientists. Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? [13], Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. The process of understanding what something is by knowing attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under Who is Kurt Lewin & what is "Action Research? [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. 25 0 obj Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. /Font << /GS8 28 0 R >> << Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. /Type /Page /Name /F1 endobj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. First proposed in 1958 by Fritz Heider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. /F2 22 0 R /Contents 36 0 R /Parent 2 0 R -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) Naive scientistHeider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attributions using similar processes to those of scientists.NarcissismIndividual differences variable characterized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>com> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] -Eastern: interdependent self, permeable relational, in the context of relationships with other people Ex) slightly unprejudiced becomes less prejudiced and vice versa. endobj ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). It is an important concept in social cognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. When does it occur? /Chartsheet /Part /Resources << 16 0 obj /StructParents 9 AVERSIVE /Author (Fiske) endobj /Subtype /TrueType If the statement is always true, explain why. [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power. /F6 26 0 R How does the presence of others affect a task that is difficult/not well practiced? /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman#2CItalic Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. /Group << >> [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. -Tied to these beliefs >> 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 444 500 444 System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. What kinds of information does a cognitive miser use when thinking about the behavior of others? -Cockroach study: the cockroaches completed an easier maze faster when there were other cockroaches present and they went faster in the hard maze when they were not being watched by other cockroaches -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). What is an internal versus an external attribution? What are its three components of prejudice? 473480 . >> 1) time - short of time = use cog. Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. >> (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. -Social cognition: how we interpret or reason about social information. Does a flawed scientist use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? [9][pageneeded]. [30] Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. 11 0 obj 20 . 4,000 & 9,000 \\ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278] What is the probability that he will be a good president?" Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. /GS8 28 0 R Learn moreOpens in new window, Self-Inference Processes: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 6. >> ->Eastern: connectedness, harmony, commonality, holistic thinking, duties and obligations. /Group << -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 /Subtype /TrueType /GS7 27 0 R /Type /Group 9 0 obj 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] -Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (enduring characterisitcs like personality) on other people's behavior. Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. >> /Type /Font /F1 21 0 R /Type /Page /Resources << DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. >> >> >> The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. Kruglanski said people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies based on current goals or needs, people are motivated tacticians. 24 0 obj If not, give a counterexample. What is the best treatment for groupthink? /Font << You should be drawing on discussions of attribution models, attribution bias . Keith Stanovich . << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] If you (or your child) are prone to any of these, you just might be a cognitive miser:. /CS /DeviceRGB On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. Which is viewed as more homogeneous? [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. How can norms influence prejudice and discrimination? /Marked true /ExtGState << [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. What does WEIRD refer to? xZ[o:~|VDJ vlm\,>8kzI#Hg87\u4_|6es^,.75>.z Fgq=q?"baKFKX>aY.wrw7d/yss7u',>#=6u_@fVubl+6"(ehK}~aOS&q1~_Xr[\eQ/FTvqg4;8V=q.0bIA_:?tb.OtD*x"[ =v:Zz=7;s+w@Y{~;\11k0_~z9PwZWBf~8Me((hI'8B)|]>r KP+b:PS6zONv3oq^C%-G L~C >> would sanctify the pursuit of selfinterest. Sometimes leads us to hold on to incorrect and negativebeliefs/schemas. What is an attribution? -Foot in the door: have someone respond positively to a small request, then to a large one Sandrine . /ExtGState << /F4 24 0 R /Tabs /S What is conformity? /S /Transparency 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 Naive scientist b. 7,000 & 6,000 \\ << /F3 23 0 R meaning, it reduces uncertainty and helps us to predict social behaviours I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work.

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