effect of microwave on human body ppt

Dasdag et al. Trends Neurosci. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. PubMed PLoS One. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. 2015;36:4804. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the 2005;161:52635. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Iran J Public Health. J Pharm Sci. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Neuroreport. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. 2014;70:84555. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Professor, Asst Director at VIT MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. Google Scholar. PubMed Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. & Hu, XJ. Wang Q, Cao Z. Abe M, Bonini NM. Sci Total Environ. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. 2014:125. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. Google Scholar. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. 2001;12:72931. The conclusions are shown in Table3. 2014;8:63. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. 2000;6:18793. 2003;80:194210. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. 2015;91:30611. J Neurosci Methods. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. 2002;64:31353. 2017;326:291. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. Part of Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. 1984;5:6370. Neuroreport. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. PubMed Behav Brain Res. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. 2011;35:36978. Am J Epidemiol. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. CAS Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. Google Scholar. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. However,. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. 2009;158:12639. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. 2006;79:13140. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. 1992;114:16202. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Google Scholar. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2006;27:11926. Google Scholar. 2003;11:346. 2006;98:170713. 2017;52:23947. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. Article Article 2010;2010. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Sanders AP, Joines WT. Merola et al. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. Article 2012;3:3440. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. Indian J Occup Environ Med. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. 2010;473:525. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. statement and 2007;210:63544. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. . Curr Opin Neurobiol. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. 2004;155:3743. Biol Chem. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Int J Radiat Biol. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. 2000;11:16413. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. Neuroreport. Int J Radiat Biol. PLoS One. Google Scholar. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. J Natl Cancer Inst. Mil Med Sci. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. 1975;148:1723. Neuroreport. 2015;91:42634. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Front Neurosci. 2004;2004:19. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Verma et al. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Neurosci Lett. 1992;49:1818. J Sleep Res. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. 2013;34:58998. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: 2012;25:1828. [84] and Sharma et al. 2010;86:37683. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. Zhao et al. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. 2013;17:711. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. Bioelectromagnetics. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. Cookies policy. 2004;48:46624. 2015;140:23646. PubMed PubMed 2014;12:75. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. J Med Food. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. 2004;25:4957. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. Surg Neurol. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high.

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