solar heat gain factor table

However this tends to provide a good estimate over a wide range of angles, up to 30 degrees from normal in most cases.[3]. 0000045401 00000 n Unfortunately, whatever shading is caused by these roof overhangs also causes just as much shading on April 21st (two months before June 21st) as two months after (August 21st). 0000051599 00000 n 0000010322 00000 n Glare 0000048271 00000 n 0000049380 00000 n 0000060771 00000 n 0000016860 00000 n The following web resources were useful for gathering climate and solar gain data. 0000020026 00000 n 0000033574 00000 n o [9], SHGC is the successor to the shading coefficient used in the United States and it is the ratio of transmitted solar radiation to incident solar radiation of an entire window assembly. Table 3 shows the net solar gain and value of solar gains in northern U.S. cities. Well-insulated and airtight energy-efficient homes are likely to use electric minisplit heat pumps, resistance electric heat, or radiant electric heat as backup or alternatives for passive solar or solar tempered space heating. n comes through a product. Very helpful. I understand that some passivhaus builders pour 8 inch thick concrete slabs for heat distribution from solar gains. 643 350 0000010553 00000 n . 0000042224 00000 n Much of the population of northern U.S. live in or near these metropolitan areas. NFRC U-factor ratings, however, represent the entire window performance, including frame and spacer material. The higher its solar transmittance or solar heat gain coefficient, the better a glazing is for solar heating use. 0000041109 00000 n Modify the landscape of the property to optimize wintertime solar heat gain (and reduce summertime solar heat gain from the west). available solar energy falling on the window. 0000020469 00000 n Energy Star Zone . Similar to U-Factor, the lower the SHGC, the lower the radiant heat transmitting through the window. YZR$%s)Gp9y} X<~ea Use our Energy Star climate zone tool to look up the specific combinations of u factor and solar heat gain coefficient for the county you live in. E a9` zY ZOy 7!K?e. NFRC is so well-trusted that its testing results inform Energy STAR ratings. Extending them would have an effect on the top of the window but not extend very far down the window. 0 Subscribe to receive updates from Energy Saver, including new blogs, updated content, and seasonal energy saving tips for consumers and homeowners. Windows, doors, skylights can gain and lose heat through: These properties can be measured and rated according to the following energy performance characteristics: NFRC labels on window units give ratings for U-factor, SHGC, visible light transmittance (VT), and (optionally) air leakage (AL) and condensation resistance (CR) ratings. A product with a low air leakage rating is tighter than one with a high air leakage rating. Heating Degree Days vary year-to-year, so other HDD numbers may be found. 0000058284 00000 n The window projection factor shall be . This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, What's Really Behind the Gas Stove Debate, Common Method of Sewer Repair Poses Health Risks, Appendix D, Degree Day and Design Temperatures, https://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/homes/passive-solar-home-1980s, http://www.cardinalcorp.com/products/coated-glass/loe-180-glass/, http://www.vitrowindowglass.com/lowe_glass/sungate_500.aspx, Reassessing Passive Solar Design Principles, A Proposed Solution to the Embodied Carbon Problem, A Look at State Premiers New Heat Pump Water Heater, Indoor Air Quality and Building Diagnostics. Windows orientation or direction (e.g., facing south, east, west or north); Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), the solar gain potential, usually 0.35 to 0.7, or 35% to 70% for efficient new windows; and. 0000031310 00000 n Thank you Bob for sharing this very thorough article! 0000019693 00000 n (Of course you could use a light filtering curtain or shade to fix this.). We have no relationship with advertisers, products, or services discussed at this website. At the bottom, Anchorage is the only city that has average net heat losses through south-facing windows. Note that the photo at the top of the page shows a passive solar house from 1982. (3) Overall, unobstructed south-facing windows gain more heat than they lose during mid-winter in almost all U.S. climates. We designed it to be in east west direction, and on the south side we have a large 2.5m wide doors. The lower the SHGC, the better Contact | For double glazed windows SHGC is more often in the range of 0.42 - 0.55. 0000044552 00000 n South-facing window glazing may optimize heat gains with higher SHGC, and west-facing windows with lower SHGC glazing. We don't have extensive open space, placing furniture near windows and glass doors. Table 2 lists solar gain data for the 22 northern U.S. cities. F 0000051467 00000 n 0000055259 00000 n 0000058978 00000 n This home had sufficient, well-insulated thermal mass tiled slab floor, engineered quantitatively to offset wintertime heat losses with solar heat gains. Shades, overhangs, or many other alternatives can be used to cut down on solar heat gain during hot days in any type of home, to reduce AC or uncomfortable interior temps. Is there anything else other than minding where you put your furniture? high SHGC options 2252 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<83C04542AF040F4C833A7DC507AC7EE9><9975C82B1E27C340964B5370330FFFE6>]/Index[2225 55]/Info 2224 0 R/Length 124/Prev 708226/Root 2226 0 R/Size 2280/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream In direct solar gain systems, the composition and coating of the building glazing can also be manipulated to increase the greenhouse effect by optimizing their radiation properties, while their size, position, and shading can be used to optimize solar gain. Reflectivity can be modified through the application of reflective metal oxides to the surface of the glass. Unfortunately in the US, most windows sold are low SHGC. For some locations, the heat is more pronounced and longer in duration than the short months of frigid temperatures with little snow. 0000009467 00000 n Roof overhangs can shade the top of a window yet allow solar gain at the bottom. An interesting result: It turns out that when these cities are ordered by average solar heat gain, they happen to be ordered somewhat by geographic areas: This geographic ordering is illustrated in the map in Figure 1. a product is at blocking unwanted heat gain. To perform an approximate conversion from SC to SHGC, multiply the SC value by 0.87. 0000056639 00000 n It differs from active solar heating which uses exterior water tanks with pumps to absorb solar energy because passive solar systems do not require energy for pumping and store heat directly in structures and finishes of occupied space.[12]. 0000038387 00000 n A U-factor of U-0.24 isn't bad, by the way. SHGC is expressed as a number between 0 and 1. xSmHSQ~f:MLQBBQ20 XJ So thermal mass dampens daily temperature swings from solar gains, keeping interiors within about a ten degree Fahrenheit range (5 degrees C), if designed reasonably well. There is more total sunlight shining in summer (June to August in the northern hemisphere) than mid-winter (December to February). For all other areas, solar heat gain through south-facing windows exceeds the heat lost through the glass. Our Comment Box is provided by Countable Web Productions countable.ca, Click to Show or Hide Citations & References, Heat Exchangers for Solar Water Heating Systems, Heat-Transfer Fluids for Solar Water Heating Systems, Solar Water Heating System Maintenance and Repair, Solar Water Heating System Freeze Protection, Scaling and Corrosion in Solar Water Heating Systems, Solar Heat Gain & Windows, the facts about, HOME INSPECTION EDUCATION COURSES (Canada), HOME INSPECTION EDUCATION: HOME STUDY COURSES, Ar-Lite Panelcraft, Inc., 13030 Wayne Rd., Livonia MI 48150, 2005 ASHRAE Handbook : Fundamentals: Inch-Pound Edition (2005 ASHRAE HANDBOOK : Fundamentals : I-P Edition) (Hardcover), Thomas H. Kuehn (Contributor), R. J. Couvillion (Contributor), John W. Coleman (Contributor), Narasipur Suryanarayana (Contributor), Zahid Ayub (Contributor), Robert Parsons (Author), ISBN-10: 1931862702 or ISBN-13: 978-1931862707, 2004 ASHRAE Handbook : Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning: Systems and Equipment : Inch-Pound Edition (2004 ASHRAE Handbook : HVAC Systems and Equipment : I-P Edition) (Hardcover). U-factor (inverse of R-value), which measures the rate of heat losses through that window to the cold outdoors. 0000037011 00000 n The standard method for calculating the SHGC also uses a more realistic wavelength-by-wavelength method, rather than just providing a coefficient for a single wavelength like the shading coefficient does. This allows glass to block mainly short-wave infrared radiation without greatly reducing visible transmittance.[3]. Table 1 shows wide variation in heating degree days, winter design temperatures, and Januarys average percentage of available sunlight. [11] Materials with high SRI will reflect and emit a majority of heat energy, keeping them cooler than other exterior finishes. 0000043512 00000 n North windows are a great example, since with the exception of dawn and sunset around June, there's no direct light through north-facing windows. /GS1 5 0 R If you started shopping prior to January 1, 2016, then you might notice some of the windows you were considering buying no longer carry the Energy STAR sticker. It is easier to maximize wintertime solar heating in some climates than others. It is a safe bet to buy any material, so long as the overall replacement window is more energy efficient. Get building science and energy efficiency advice, plus special offers, in your inbox. 0000027631 00000 n The value of the shading coefficient ranges from 0 to 1. You wouldn't be able to see the TV well, and would experience glare from the window. This is a particular concern in hot, tropical climates such as southern Florida, Georgia, Texas and other states in that experience extreme heat. Even for east- and west-facing windows, losses exceeded solar heat gains except for Denver. Basically, any window frame material is going to insulate well whether it is wood, vinyl, aluminum clad wood, or fiberglass. It is important to note that the standard SHGC is calculated only for an angle of incidence normal to the window. The winter climates in these cities differ not just in temperature ranges, but also in the amount of winter sunlight. {\displaystyle N*A(\lambda ,\theta )} 0000008765 00000 n You can use the energy performance ratings of windows, doors, and skylights to understand their potential for gaining and losing heat, as well as bringing sunlight into your home. The U-factor, Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), Visible Light Transmit-tance (VT), and air leakage rate for all manufactured fenestra-tion products shall be determined by a laboratory accredited by a nationally recognized accreditation organization, such as the National Fenestration Rating Council. Glare would not be the reason shades were drawn at that hour for south-facing windows in any home, unless someone needs a dark interior, like trying to sleep late. There are lots of ways to provide that shading, or using low SHGC windows for west and east-facing windows to avoid interior overheating during the summer. >> Be sure to educate yourself and to work with a professional installer for your project. In January, one south-facing window produces more solar heat gain than the solar gains from three windows facing north, east, and west for all 22 cities. [8], A conversion from SC to SHGC is not necessarily straightforward, as they each take into account different heat transfer mechanisms and paths (window assembly vs. glass-only). Those screens weren't very bright. Engineering; Chemical Engineering; Chemical Engineering questions and answers; 400 TABLE 15 SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU ORDINARY GLASS (Contd) Btu/(hr) (sq ft sash area) 400 East 110 102 47 90 40 NORTH LATITUDE . About | Designing roof overhangs to avoid shading windows at noon on Dec 21st results in some shading at the top of the window at noon in January, February and November, when you still want that sunlight (though at 10AM or 2PM you won't be shading the top of the window since the sun is lower on the horizon at that time of day). Does The New Glass In Windows Need Any Special Care? << Solar Gain Overheating Interiors Conversely, if your are trying to keep your home cool in a hot climate, adding the intensity of the sun's warmth could create a suffocating situation, particularly if the energy is trapped inside by an incorrect u factor. Average daily solar heat gain per square foot of south-facing window glass in January. Glare can be an issue for south-facing window walls around noontime during the winter, for west-facing windows late in the day (especially during summer), and for east-facing windows in summer. Remember, always rely upon the NFRC and Energy STAR ratings to tell you exactly how effective the replacement windows you might buy will work in your home and climate. Next seven cities are all located in the northeast, along the Atlantic coast (Providence; Hartford; Boston; Portland, Maine; New York City; Philadelphia; and Concord, N.H.). Will there be sun in the eyes of people sitting on the north side of the table during winter? 0000012144 00000 n 0000010013 00000 n I used Google Sketchup, the free version, to roughly model shadows on my soon to be built house. 0000040162 00000 n ) << The lower the U-factor, the better the performance. 0000058680 00000 n Same for east or west-facing windows, early or late in the day, respectively. A product with a high SHGC rating is more effective at collecting solar heat during the winter. 0000019003 00000 n Your homes climate, orientation, and external shading will determine the optimal SHGC for a particular window, door, or skylight. Window specifications and climate data for your specific construction project are more important than the generalizations made here. on the climate, summer and winter fuels costs, and - Jeff Pendl, Enervision, Cincinnati OH. http://www.vitrowindowglass.com/lowe_glass/sungate_500.aspx. 0000046541 00000 n >> Please bookmark this page to make it easy for you to check back for our response. Yet, the living room and the sun room, get a little bit more but welcome heat, while the bedrooms on the top floor facing west get a wallop in the afternoon. 0000033121 00000 n HW=oFX72X?A(l5 $?ASN* We have a passive solar house we designed and built ourselves in SE Michigan in the late 80's. Its no accident that Cape style homes appeared in winter-dominated climate up north; and southern plantation style homes with big windows, big overhangs and wide porches in the cooling dominated climate of the southern US. Ideally, the goal is to not block wintertime sunlight on south-facing windows. Thanks for all the great details and comments, and your work on this type of efficient home design. 0000011554 00000 n 0000059651 00000 n Seattle, Washington. For a classic direct-gain passive solar design with a south-facing window wall paired with thermal mass, the answer seems to be no or not easily. Five cloudy days in a row is not unusual for New England, for example. 0000034610 00000 n /Type /Page 0000035750 00000 n So the solar heat gain analysis has focused on the coldest month (January) for the 22 northern U.S. locations. A SHGC of 0.39 would be considered low-solar-gain glazing, not high-solar-gain glazing. Key issues to be learned: a. I found it both interesting and very useful. Even during winter afternoons, additional space heating may not be needed by the afternoon. 0000040580 00000 n 0000022979 00000 n Depending on how many changes a manufacturer had to make, it could have greatly impacted the retail price of your window replacement installation. Otherwise, the ordering remains similar to the previous ordering by amount of solar heat gain from south windows (Tables 1 through 3). AL$/RB!)z&S7NOauE,|?q GQFSnD{.gTbPZsAFl rwxLCC C-bJD[F;#lTM5Xn"[. How do visible light transmittance, and shading coefficient relate to one another? 0000051214 00000 n Here's some information not included in the article that provides background to those unfamiliar with the topic raised by Malcolm. When the sun's rays hit an object, such as a window, some of the sun's energy is absorbed, warming that object, and allowed to pass through. If windows get direct sun in mid-winter, solar heat gain might provide the majority of needed space heating energy for a well-insulated, airtight building. m This may help break up the glare. West-facing windows are a bigger concern, needing shading of some sort during hot late afternoons. The answer to this question depends on where you live. 0000009623 00000 n h)u^Si!vr:(q;}xH)\@|&u$y?Cm_Sk5a4iiARd(q-tc:Ng^*,,eH%Gk(SX~w X%l0As6_L t 5i f5=P8E UUn vmSfoB`F(a\N`! w]T,&hX#XXJ Xo7Jj%I:hL$^B;4DC{=.! We do have medium dark wood floors, linoleum and tile. /Properties 0000035512 00000 n ) 0000057247 00000 n Map. 0000052473 00000 n Just that insulated door is shut at night and the porch is then isolated from the main heated building. /TT0 23 0 R 0000020109 00000 n In Table 1, each city is listed with wintertime climate statistics. hb``` , b-0.X)![)?OXjL ~E-AzMVk+u9:MX@qKpDa%E={d C=H:]JxrWur{. Great article! For south-facing windows, designing overhangs to maximize mid-winter solar gains yet reduce summertime solar gains is useful, but more of a detail than a major contribution to passive solar heat gain management. ;"\ h;; nM"O*]\_n}s54xBb;L";`fJq=.s5?puuus9Eq=7wWT|# LhH{\=vf}+W8?fX'Xgp8=ZHQ-oGA2mN~~k. %PDF-1.3 % NAAP Labs Motions of the Sun Simulator. 0000034369 00000 n << 0000055475 00000 n 0000011246 00000 n /TT1 22 0 R 0000059464 00000 n 0000025712 00000 n In a room, its likely you have light coming from multiple windows on different sides of the home. 0000048853 00000 n C /GS2 4 0 R 0000035147 00000 n ) 0000043195 00000 n Vinyl windows are generally made of one continuous piece. At What Point Is It Worth Replacing Windows? We also provide an ARTICLE INDEX for this topic, or you can try the page top or bottom SEARCH BOX as a quick way to find information you need. Will be adding solar panels on our large south facing roof when our city, state and utility stop punishing those with a solar tax who have. But hey nothing is perfect, so architects and builders could design roof overhangs to reduce summertime overheating. Clear double Thank you so much for sharing this with us. The ability of glazing in a window, door, or skylight to transmit sunlight into a home can be measured and rated according to the following energy performance characteristics: Review the state fact sheets or use the window selection tool for new construction or existing homes from the Efficient Windows Collaborative to determine the desired performance ratings for your climate. That's where your observation about winter sun angles before and after solar noon is most critical. 0000046682 00000 n You want to shade your south-facing windows from the sun to avoid solar heat gain. Note that northeastern coastal cities now rate highly along with Denver and Kansas City, for the value of solar heat gain (due to high electricity rates in the Northeast). /TrimBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] In Vermont you'd probably have difficulty with fogging due to moisture between glass layers. Unless I'm mistaken, the house has interior shades or curtains, and these are in use for many of the south-facing windows. is the spectral transmittance at a given wavelength in nanometers and CCPA | The lower the number, the less you'll spend on cooling. 0000050182 00000 n I bet under-insulating was also a common problem, especially for that thermal mass that serves as an overnight heating system. Not sure when I took the photo, other than it shows AM shadows, and not during winter, as the deciduous plants had their leaves. , Uncontrolled solar gain is undesirable in hot climates due to its potential for overheating a space. SHGC is expressed as a 1 0000047980 00000 n [5], Apart from windows, walls and roofs also serve as pathways for solar gain. The Climate Zone 5 site has 5,600 heating degree days. A vg Solar heat gain factor btu/hr calculator. E 0000028135 00000 n OR. 0000025050 00000 n Thank you so much for sharing Continue readingat SOLAR GAIN TYPES, DEFINITIONS or select a topic from the closely-related articles below, or see the complete ARTICLE INDEX. /GS0 3 0 R 0000019232 00000 n SHGC & U-Factor Tool. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) Worksheet -For Non-HERS Registered Projects (Page 3 of 3) TABLE 110.6-B DEFAULT SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT (SHGC) FRAME TYPE PRODUCT GLAZING FENESTRATION PRODUCT SHGC . There is so little solar heat gain through all windows in Anchorage in January (and such large heat losses), that heat losses far exceed the gains, even for south-facing windows. 0000011708 00000 n 0000059089 00000 n 0000033229 00000 n This label displays AL in U.S. units. We have white walls and flat white ceilings in the main living spaces. The thermal mass also will radiate stored heat when the sun isn't shining to keep interior temperatures from getting too cool.) Canadian companies might be your best bet (e.g., Thermotech, Accurate Dorwin, Inline). It provides a gauge of the relative efficiency of different glass or glazing types in transmitting daylight while blocking heat gains. You bring up an important point. As well, 3 years ago, having been so pleased with the shutter effect, I built a "low mass, super insulated south facing solar porch. Designing south-facing roof overhangs I will quantify solar heating potential by looking at climate data for 22 large cities across the northern U.S. 0000020608 00000 n 0000029882 00000 n High-performance homes likely use these space heating appliances, since less space heating energy is required in well-insulated, airtight homes. Column 9 shows the net heat gain per day for south-facing windows (which is the solar heat gain minus the heat loss). The solar gain factor is a complicated series of factors multiplied together starting with the transmittance factor of the glass, and ending with all possible shading devices/methods and adjusted for local weather (cloud cover). 0000008921 00000 n The shading coefficient (SC) is a measure of the radiative thermal performance of a glass unit (panel or window) in a building. South-facing windows provide between 59% and 77% of the total solar gains, despite making up only 25% of the glazing of the four windows of equal size. The intense summer sun on the east side of the building in the morning, and the west in the hot afternoon, is greater than the sunlight striking the south side. 0000021012 00000 n 0000036698 00000 n Denver, with the highest average solar heat gain in January. /C2_3 12 0 R 0000030489 00000 n The upstairs solar-tempered rooms only needed supplementary heating on the coldest nights (about one-third of mid-winter nights). What about glare? You must be a magazine subscriber to access this feature. , startxref Solar, wind or other renewable energy source supplies not less than 80 percent of the energy for service water heating. 0000045996 00000 n Privacy | b +{roFw@Qv.Pb=Z"3>!06&rhS8EnVw\/bw +rt|bSL6),W=^O *cAL^u'MH} ^D;p.'*{6OQYbS2tAD2)T=z 0!"Tl,|Am5q/Up+XwNM7}!/;yy6Q@=vjI~}krN>+e_CC-ccB: p7B . Similar analysis could be performed by using web resources to compute solar gains for windows in other orientations. Other internet data sources may include somewhat different data, but the patterns of data would lead to similar conclusions. So I don't think glare around the dining table on the opposite side of the room would be much of a problem. Labels on products sold in markets outside the United T If the TV itself is not in or adjacent to direct sunlight, and at a 90 degree angle to the window receiving direct sunlight, it should be okay. At solar noon on Dec 21st, light from a south-facing window at typical height would cast direct sunlight about 13' into the home's interior. . 0000052240 00000 n 0000022215 00000 n 0000042979 00000 n The data on solar heat gains is summarized in Figure 2, below. The lowest numbers are about double the highest. /CS2 6 0 R Davor, FIND A DEALER. The following four cities are along the north central and western U.S. (Minneapolis; Salt Lake City; Bismarck, N.D.; and Billings, Montana) . On the flip side that means that cold air would normally go from outdoors to indoors with metal framed windows. This is a different figure from visible transmittance (VT) of light, also defined by the NFRC as follows: Visible Transmittance(VT) measures how much light 0000053085 00000 n 0000036575 00000 n 0000021224 00000 n Solar gain(also known as solar heat gainor passive solar gain) is the increase in thermal energy of a space, object or structure as it absorbs incident solar radiation. 0000009545 00000 n Passive solar heat gain through large south-facing windows provided most of the winter space heating energy. /ExtGState 1996 Ashrae Handbook Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Systems and Equipment: Inch-Pound Edition (Hardcover), ISBN-10: 1883413346 or ISBN-13: 978-1883413347 , Principles of Heating, Ventilating, And Air Conditioning: A textbook with Design Data Based on 2005 AShrae Handbook - Fundamentals (Hardcover), Harry J., Jr. Sauer (Author), Ronald H. Howell, ISBN-10: 1931862923 or ISBN-13: 978-1931862929, 1993 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals (Hardcover), ISBN-10: 0910110964 or ISBN-13: 978-0910110969, Colloidal Materials, Inc., PO Box 696, Andover MA 01810, Pennwalt Corp., King of Prussia, PA 19406, The Passive Solar Design and Construction Handbook, Steven Winter Associates (Author), Michael J. Crosbie (Editor), Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-047118382 or 0471183083, www.energysavers.gov/your_home/water_heating/index.cfm/mytopic=12850 is the base U.S. DOE website for these articles, Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the. How do you optimize this shading in a more so sophisticated way that the common arc diagram? 0000009857 00000 n /Metadata 9 0 R 0000008169 00000 n 0000038796 00000 n Solar Heat Gain Coefficient measures how well a product can resist unwanted heat gain, which is especially important during summer cooling season. Light-to-solar gain (LSG)is the ratio between the VT and SHGC. Note that this article doesn't promote classic passive solar design, even though a well-designed passive solar home works great in dry cold winter climates (but not in climates with overcast winters). However, if shades are needed to reduce overheating mid-winter, likely there's a design error of over-glazing with west or south-facing windows. /Length 2106 If your TV screen is in direct sunlight, it would be difficult to see the screen. << In Table 2, it was noted that north-facing windows are always a net BTU loss, since heat losses exceed the meager solar heat gains for all 22 cities. 0000034462 00000 n For windows, skylights, and glass doors, a U-factor may refer to just the glass or glazing alone. endstream endobj 644 0 obj<> endobj 646 0 obj[647 0 R] endobj 647 0 obj<>>> endobj 648 0 obj<> endobj 649 0 obj<> endobj 650 0 obj<> endobj 651 0 obj<> endobj 652 0 obj<> endobj 653 0 obj<> endobj 654 0 obj<> endobj 655 0 obj<> endobj 656 0 obj<> endobj 657 0 obj<> endobj 658 0 obj<> endobj 659 0 obj<> endobj 660 0 obj<> endobj 661 0 obj<> endobj 662 0 obj<> endobj 663 0 obj<> endobj 664 0 obj<> endobj 665 0 obj<> endobj 666 0 obj<> endobj 667 0 obj<> endobj 668 0 obj<> endobj 669 0 obj<> endobj 670 0 obj<> endobj 671 0 obj<> endobj 672 0 obj<> endobj 673 0 obj<> endobj 674 0 obj<> endobj 675 0 obj<> endobj 676 0 obj<> endobj 677 0 obj<> endobj 678 0 obj<> endobj 679 0 obj<> endobj 680 0 obj<> endobj 681 0 obj<> endobj 682 0 obj<> endobj 683 0 obj<> endobj 684 0 obj<> endobj 685 0 obj<> endobj 686 0 obj<> endobj 687 0 obj<> endobj 688 0 obj<> endobj 689 0 obj<> endobj 690 0 obj<> endobj 691 0 obj<> endobj 692 0 obj<> endobj 693 0 obj<> endobj 694 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 695 0 obj<> endobj 696 0 obj<> endobj 697 0 obj<> endobj 698 0 obj<> endobj 699 0 obj<> endobj 700 0 obj<>stream Gases are added between the layers of glazing to further increase insulation, the gases are heavier than air, making it less likely air will penetrate the glazing. What Is The Difference Between Convection And Drafts? We have about 2' overhangs on all south facing windows and doors which work well in this latitude. 0000058060 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n The smaller amount of heating needed for space heating in high-performance homes makes more costly or elaborate heating systems no longer cost-effective or necessary.

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