why was henry vii called the winter king

[46] In 1506 he resumed the construction of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, started under Henry VI, guaranteeing finances which would continue even after his death. [26] Henry married Elizabeth of York with the hope of uniting the Yorkist and Lancastrian sides of the Plantagenet dynastic disputes, and he was largely successful. He died shortly afterwards in Carmarthen Castle. The union was both symbolic and necessary. Claire is going live on YouTube on 11 February! Henry VII ruled - as Machiavelli, just after his reign, was to advise usurpers to do - through fear rather than love. Accordingly, he arranged a papal dispensation from Pope Julius II for Prince Henry to marry his brother's widow Catherine, a relationship that would have otherwise precluded marriage in the Church. [citation needed] The author does a good job drawing on his sources and bringing the characters to life while staying true to the history, but the subject matter is just not inherently as sexy as Henry VIIIs or Elizabeth Is reigns. When Richard III became King, Henrys strategy, planned by Margaret Beaufort, the mother whom he had not seen for years, was to declare in public, in Brittanys Rennes Cathedral, that he would marry Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth, then in sanctuary with her mother, and thus bury the enmity between Lancaster and York by making her his queen. While there, he feigned stomach cramps and delayed his departure long enough to miss the tides. [20] He amassed an army of about 5,0006,000 soldiers. [3] Henry's paternal grandfather, Owen Tudor, originally from the Tudors of Penmynydd, Isle of Anglesey in Wales, had been a page in the court of King Henry V. He rose to become one of the "Squires to the Body to the King" after military service at the Battle of Agincourt. Sophia Money-Coutts: Sensitivity readers don't want Henry VIII to be Updates? The reigns of his three predecessors were interrupted or foreshortened. Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. He led attempted invasions of Ireland in 1491 and England in 1495, and persuaded James IV of Scotland to invade England in 1496. $14.97 1 Used from $14.96 3 New from $14.97. On 7th August 1485, he dropped anchor at Mill Bay, Milford Haven, and when he reached the beach he prayed Judge me, O Lord, and favour my cause. The odds were stacked against him in his quest to take the throne of England. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! One of their sons was Edmund, Henry's father. 24th April 2023 - courses open for registrations. His biographer, Professor Chrimes, credits him even before he had become king with "a high degree of personal magnetism, ability to inspire confidence, and a growing reputation for shrewd decisiveness". His account of Henry's government is more contentious than he lets on. Indeed he was born in winter, on January 28th 1457, in Pembroke Castle, in Wales and that is one of the reasons why the Welsh dragon always formed part of his insignia. The rest, as we say, is history; Richard III was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth and Henry Tudor had arrived out of nowhere and avenged the death of the little princes in the tower, although there is some debate as to who was actually responsible for their murder. Henry VII can look a dull king, so dull that Thomas Penn's title omits his name. Henry was also worried by the treason of Edmund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, the eldest surviving son of Edward IVs sister Elizabeth, who fled to the Netherlands (1499) and was supported by Maximilian. Indeed he was born in winter, on January 28th 1457, in Pembroke Castle, in Wales and that is one of the reasons why the Welsh dragon always formed part of his insignia. In 1621 Francis Bacon's history of the reign called Henry "a dark prince, and infinitely suspicious". His spies and informers were everywhere. He also enacted laws against livery and maintenance, the great lords' practice of having large numbers of "retainers" who wore their lord's badge or uniform and formed a potential private army. [39] Despite this, during his reign he became a fiscally prudent monarch who restored the fortunes of an effectively bankrupt exchequer. There's a lot of cloak-and-dagger stuff here, something Henry and certain of his counselors seemed especially skilled at, and it was those parts that I particularly enjoyed. enry VII can look a dull king, so dull that Thomas Penn's title omits his name. Anyone perceived to have any potential political power or social capital was rendered deeply indebted to the crown and at risk of complete financial ruin upon the whim of the king and his councillors. [57], In 1506, Henry extorted the Treaty of Windsor from Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy. There's a (relatively) brief explanation of Henry's rather tumultuous childhood and his rise to the throne, before Penn really gets into the nitty gritty details during the second half of Henry's reign, focusing on his intricate foreign policy, his increasing use of finance as a means of control over his subjects and, most entertaining to me, the various plots and conspiracies of Henry's enemies. Their chief task was to see that the laws of the country were obeyed in their area. For me, history is alive and energizing - not something static and remote. How like a winter hath my absence been From thee, the pleasure of the fleeting year! If you missed the programme then here is the YouTube video for you enjoy! I really enjoyed it. [13] When Warwick restored Henry VI in 1470, Jasper Tudor returned from exile and brought Henry to court. [citation needed] Following the example of Edward IV, Henry VII created a Council of Wales and the Marches for his son Arthur, which was intended to govern Wales and the Marches, Cheshire and Cornwall. The country was in a perpetual state of emergency and Henrys subjects were scared and resentful. Henry VII is usually treated as a charmless and thrifty prelude to the big reign of Henry VIII, with the inevitable marriage of Henry and Catherine of Aragon, and the reversal of his father's bully policies for a golden age of chivalry and, you know, all the crazy shit Henry VIII was about to do. [citation needed], After 1503, records show the Tower of London was never again used as a royal residence by Henry VII, and all royal births under Henry VIII took place in palaces. [31] Despite such precautions, Henry faced several rebellions over the next twelve years. This was excellent. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! [citation needed], Henry began taking precautions against rebellion while still in Leicester after Bosworth Field. Early life Henry VII was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 to his death. It was no easy feat. Henry VII (28 January 1457 21 April 1509) was King of England from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. Henry VIII was spring and Henry VII was winter. The king's own death seven years later had to be kept secret until his nervous entourage had ensured the succession. Author of, Assistant Master and Professor of History, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge. They were also in charge of various administrative duties, such as the checking of weights and measures. He was the last king of England to win . [citation needed], Henry also made some political capital out of his Welsh ancestry in attracting military support and safeguarding his army's passage through Wales on its way to the Battle of Bosworth. BBC Two - Henry VII: The Winter King, Backdating Henry's reign Henry VII ruled from 1485-1509 and had a dubious claim on the throne, spending most of his time before the famous Battle of Bosworth Field in exile and gaining credibility from his marriage to Elizabeth of York. He spent most of the next 14 years under the protection of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. Rarely was a father's reign so widely disparaged and disowned on the accession of the son. He was supported in this effort by his chancellor, Archbishop John Morton, whose "Morton's Fork" was a catch-22 method of ensuring that nobles paid increased taxes: those nobles who spent little must have saved much, and thus could afford the increased taxes; in contrast, those nobles who spent much obviously had the means to pay the increased taxes. Henry was building a myth, the idea that he and his family were the true royal blood of England. This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers. Corrections? Henry VII died on 21 April 1509, and the 17-year-old Henry succeeded him as king. Henry Tudors claim to the throne was, therefore, weak and of no importance until the deaths in 1471 of Henry VIs only son, Edward, of his own two remaining kinsmen of the Beaufort line, and of Henry VI himself, which suddenly made Henry Tudor the sole surviving male with any ancestral claim to the house of Lancaster. This battle saw the end of the Wars of the Roses which had brought instability to England. It was the end of the union of Lancaster and York and many had only accepted Henry as King because of his wifes Yorkist roots, so Henry was once more on shaky ground with his old enemies resurfacing and raising armies. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. In other cases, he brought his over-powerful subjects to heel by decree. [43] According to the contemporary historian Polydore Vergil, simple "greed" underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henry's final years. How did a precariously enthroned ruler, lacking a police force or a standing army, manage to run roughshod over the law? [49] The confused, fractious nature of Breton politics undermined his efforts, which finally failed after three sizeable expeditions, at a cost of 24,000. Before taking the throne, he was known as Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond. Happy St Davids Day! Penn notes something else about the paeans on the son's accession: later in the Tudor period, apologists for the regime would remember Henry VII as the restorer of national peace and unity, but in 1509 it was the king's death, not his rule, that was held to have ended a long era of dark instability. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. These bonds were enforced by the Council Learned in the Law, a council of legal advisers who were only answerable to the King. Henry Tudor is a familiar name to students of English history, especially the military side of it. After his death, a commission found widespread abuses in the tax collection process. [48], Henry later concluded a treaty with France at Etaples that brought money into the coffers of England, and ensured the French would not support pretenders to the English throne, such as Perkin Warbeck. Thank you for subscribing. In 1407, Henry IV, Gaunt's son by his first wife, issued new Letters Patent confirming the legitimacy of his half-siblings but also declaring them ineligible for the throne. The purpose of the agreement was to prevent France from annexing Brittany. [65] Henry VII was shattered by the loss of Elizabeth, and her death impacted him severely. [23] After his coronation Henry issued an edict that any gentleman who swore fealty to him would, notwithstanding any previous attainder, be secure in his property and person. A man who rewrote history and rebuilt the crown, but who was paranoid, manipulative and suspicious; a dark prince with a wintery reign. The Winter King is also the title of a book by Thomas Penn, and a useful read. Possession of something the French King wanted also made the Duke of Brittany safer in his own duchy. His early reign was plagued by pretenders to the throne, giving the new Tudor dynasty a rocky start and a fear of conspiracy which dogged Henry VII throughout his life. However, such a level of paranoia persisted that anyone (John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, for example)[27] with blood ties to the Plantagenets was suspected of coveting the throne. In 1621 Francis Bacon's history of. To strengthen his position, however, he subsidised shipbuilding, so strengthening the navy (he commissioned Europe's first ever and the world's oldest surviving dry dock at Portsmouth in 1495) and improving trading opportunities. As his mother was only 14 when he was born and soon married again, Henry was brought up by his uncle Jasper Tudor, earl of Pembroke. He was probably baptised at St Mary's Church, Pembroke,[1] though no documentation of the event exists. His history plays depicted the dramatic conflicts of the wars of the roses, which Henry's accession after his victory at Bosworth in 1485 brought to an end. It was a fantastic programme and I highly recommend Thomas Penns book on Henry VII Winter King. [59][60][61], He was content to allow the nobles their regional influence if they were loyal to him. There are an awful lot of books written about the Tudor era, both fiction and non-fiction, so you have to ask whether this book adds anything new. Penn explained how Henry reworked recent events to suit him. ), Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII_of_England&oldid=1141813382, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2021, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles needing additional references from October 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Katherine (2 February 1503 10 February 1503), This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 23:16. When Henry VII called his first parliament he used it as an opportunity to legitimise his reign. Watch for $0.00 with Prime. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. In 1502 the death of his heir Arthur left the dynasty's prospects with Arthur's 10-year-old brother, Henry. The future Henry VIII, in contrast,. She was Edward's heir since the presumed death of her brothers, the Princes in the Tower, King Edward V and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York. The King was heavily guarded. After his victory at Bosworth Field, Henry married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York. So Henry was a valuable bargaining tool, whose fate always depended on what relations were between England and France, always tainted by the recent Hundred Years War, and how Brittany sought to ward off threats to its own independence. This was accomplished through the targeted imposition of fines and bonds through extrajudicial councils. 3.5 Stars. Happy 14th Birthday to the Anne Boleyn Files! People saw him as being like a traditional king and hoped that his reign would bring positive change. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor.[a]. By this marriage, Henry VII hoped to break the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France. He passed laws against "livery" (the upper classes' flaunting of their adherents by giving them badges and emblems) and "maintenance" (the keeping of too many male "servants"). The first rising, that of Lord Lovell, Richard IIIs chamberlain, in 1486 was ill-prepared and unimportant, but in 1487 came the much more serious revolt of Lambert Simnel. Why is this ambitious? Elizabeth of York was Queen consort of England as spouse of King Henry VII from 1486 until her death on February 11th, 1503. [13] When the Yorkist Edward IV regained the throne in 1471, Henry fled with other Lancastrians to Brittany. Henry's original head was cut out of the painting and replaced at some point after the work's creation. However, this treaty came at a price, as Henry mounted a minor invasion of Brittany in November 1492. Supported at one time or another by France, by Maximilian I of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (Holy Roman emperor from 1493), by James IV of Scotland, and by powerful men in both Ireland and England, Perkin three times invaded England before he was captured at Beaulieu in Hampshire in 1497. When he died, his only surviving son, Henry VIII, succeeded him without a breath of opposition. Elizabeth married Henry after his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field, which marked the end of the Wars of the Roses. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth.

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